Cardiovascular System 2

Question 1

Thromboangitis Obliterians (Buerger’ Disease)

Answer 1

Chronic Inflam vascular occlusive disease of small arteries & veins. Most common in young males who smoke. Distal to prox. Pain, parasthesias , cold extremities, diminished temp sensation, fatigue and risk of ulceration/gangrene

Question 2

Diabetic Angiopathy

Answer 2

Inapp elevation of blood glucose levels and accelerated artherosclerosis > could lead to ulcers, amps, gangrene

Question 3

Raynauds Phenomenon

Answer 3

Episodic spasm of small arteries and arterioles abnorm vasoconstriction reflex exacerbated by cold or emo stress. affects largely females

Question 4

Lymphedema

Answer 4

Chronic disorder w excessive accumulation of fluid d/t obstruction of lymphatics; soft tissue of arms/legs swell; primary is congenital and secondary is acquired

Question 5

Stages of Lymphedema

Answer 5

Progressive Disease: 1=Reversible; limb is solf & pitting, swelling may increase overnight. 2= Spontaneously Irreversible; swelling w increase in fibrotic tissue, risk for infection. 3= Lymphostatic elephantiasis; extreme increase in swelling skin changes

Question 6

Function of Pulmonary System

Answer 6

Respiration, delivers O to cardiovascular system; Removes CO2 and other by products from body

Question 7

Primary Muscles of Inspiration

Answer 7

Diaphragm & intercostals w accessory muscles for deeper or more rapid inhalation

Question 8

Bacterial PNA

Answer 8

Gram+ bacteria usually acquired by community, pneumococcal PNA is most common. Gram- bacteria usually develops in host who has an underlying condition , acute illness

Question 9

Viral PNA VS Aspiration PNA

Answer 9

V= Inflam process caused by viral agents; A= Aspirated material causes an acute inflam reaction w/in lung; found in pts w dysphagia

Question 10

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)

Answer 10

pulmonary infection caused by fungus; found in pts following transplant, neonates or those infected w HIV

Question 11

SARS

Answer 11

Severe Acute Resp Syndrome, atypical resp illness caused by a coronavirus

Question 12

TB

Answer 12

Airborne infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; can be passed by sneezing/coughing, at risk if in immediate contact or have weak immune system. High risk for re-infection w/in 2 years. Young/old/IV drug users at risk.

Question 13

TB Infection

Answer 13

Ppl who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected but fight off so cells become inactive but remain alive in bod. Asymptomatic, do not feel ill, not contagious, do not usually + skin test, can get real TB if no drugs admin-ed *takes 10-12 after exposure to detect infection

Question 14

Sequelae of TB

Answer 14

Settles in lungs and can spread to cause kidney dysfunction, Rood’s disease veterbral collapse, lesions in brain

Question 15

COPD

Answer 15

Characterized by poor expiratory flow rates. Peripheral airways disease: inflam of distal conducting airways. Chronic Bronchitis: chronic inflam of tracheobronchial tree w cough/sputum producing lasting at least 3mo for 2 consecutive yrs. Emphysema: perm abnormal enlargement & destruction of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles.

Question 16

Emphysema

Answer 16

Imbalance between protease and antiprotease enzymes

Question 17

Emphysema Sings/Symptoms

Answer 17

Dyspena on exertion, wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase, PLB, enlarged ant/post dimensions on chest wall, use of accessory muscles for breathing, forward leaning posture, chronic cough/sputum, could progress to lookimg emaciated

Question 18

Asthma

Answer 18

Increased reactivity of trachea and bronchi to various stim (allergen, exercise, cold); Manifests by widespread narrowing of airways d/t inflam, smooth mus constriction and increased secretions

Question 19

Asthma Signs/Symptoms

Answer 19

Wheezing, dyspena, chest pain, facial distress, non-productive cough, mucous

Question 20

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 20

Excessive seepage of fluid from the pulmonary vascular system into interstital space

Question 21

Pulmonary Emboli

Answer 21

Thrombus from peripheral venous circulation becomes embolic and lodges in pulmonary circulation - small dont always cause infarction

Question 22

Pleural Effusion

Answer 22

Excessive fluid build up between the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 23

Atelectasis

Answer 23

Collapsed or airless alveolar unit caused by hypoventilation 2nd to pain during ventilator cycle

Question 24

Intermittent Claudication Rating Scale

Answer 24

Claudication= cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries; 0-4 w 0=no pain and 4=max, cannot continue

Question 25

5-Grade Angina & Dyspena Scale

Answer 25

0-5 w 0=no angina/dyspena and 4=severe dyspena/most chest pain ever, cannot continue

Question 26

Pulse/HR

Answer 26

Rhythmical throbbing of arterial wall as a result of each heartbeat. Influenced by force of contraction, vL/viscosity of blood, diameter/elasticity of vessels, emotion, exercises, blood temp and hormones. Normal rhythm taken for 30sec and abnorm for 1-2min

Question 27

Pulse/HR Palpation Sites

Answer 27

Radial: most common; Temporal: sup/lat to eye; carotid: best reflects cardiac action; brachial, femoral, popliteal, pedal; Norm for adults 70 bpm>60 -100; Pediatric: 120 bpm> 70-170

Question 28

Tachycardia vs Bradycardia

Answer 28

Greater than 100bpm, Less than 60bpm

Question 29

Bruit

Answer 29

Abnorm sound or murmur; associated w athersclerosis

Question 30

Norm Adult/Pediatric HR

Answer 30

Monitor at rest, pre/post. A=

Question 31

Diaphoresis

Answer 31

Excessive swearing d/t decreased cardiac output

Question 32

Skin Colors and Vascular Status

Answer 32

Cyanosis: bluish color d/t decreased cardiac output. Pallor: absence of rosy color in light skinned ppl, associated with PVD. Rubor: dependent redness with PVD.

Question 33

Grading Scale for Edema

Answer 33

1-4 w 1=mild 1in pinch, depression remains