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INTERNAL MED FINAL > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of prevention involves risk factor reduction targeted towards entire population (especially children) through social & environment conditions?

A

Primordial

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2
Q

Which type of prevention reduces chances of first adverse CV event in patients w/ no clinical apparent CVD?

A

Primary

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3
Q

What are some of the cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease?

A
  • Chest, neck, or arm pain/discomfort
  • Angina
  • Palpitations
  • Dyspnea
  • Syncope (fainting)
  • Fatigue
  • Cough
  • Cyanosis
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4
Q

____________ & leg pain (claudication) are the most common symptoms of vascular component of CV pathologic conditions.

A

Edema

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5
Q

What are the biomarkers of CVD?

A
  • BP
  • Premature ventricular contraction
  • LDL-C
  • CRP
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6
Q

CVD, especially ___________ ____________, is the most common cause of hospitalization & death in older adults (80%).

A

Coronary atherosclerosis

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7
Q

What are these changes in aging associated w/?

A
  • Reduction in # of myocytes & cells in conduction tissue
  • Cardiac fibrosis
  • Reduction in calcium transport
  • Lower capillary density
  • Decreases in intracellular response to B-adrenergic stimulation
  • Impaired autonomic reflex control of HR
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8
Q

Increased ____________ & calcium & progressive deterioration of arterial media combines w/ atherosclerotic plaque formation results in stiff walls & narrowed lumen.

A

Collagen

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9
Q

T/F: w/ aging, the aorta becomes shorter.

A

F (dilated & elongated)

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10
Q

What type of vessels do calcium deposition & changes in amt of & loss of elasticity in elastin & collagen most often affect?

A

Larger & medium-sized

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11
Q

T/F: females have smaller hearts than males.

A

T

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12
Q

Which sex has greater risk of mitral valve prolapse, fatal arrhythmias from cardiac & psychotropic medications, & bleeding episodes from thrombolytic agents?

A

Female

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13
Q

During exercise w/ aging, what declines?

A
  • Max oxygen uptake
  • HR
  • Max cardiac output
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14
Q

List the 5 components that are used to diagnose metabolic syndrome (3 out of 5).

A
  • Elevated waist circumference (40 in for men & 35 in for women)
  • Reduced HDL (less than 40 in men, less than 50 in women)
  • Increased BP of 130/85
  • Elevated fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL
  • Elevated serum triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL
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15
Q

What is the optimal level of total cholesterol?

A

~ 150 mg/dL

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16
Q

What is the optimal level of LDL-C?

A

~ 100 mg/dL

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17
Q

What is considered elevated BP?

A

120-129 and <80

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18
Q

What is considered stage 1 HTN?

A

130-139 or 80-89

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19
Q

What is considered stage 2 HTN?

A

> = 140 or >= 90

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20
Q

What are the terms for disorder of myocardium owing to insufficient blood supply?

A
  • Ischemic heart disease
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Coronary heart disease
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21
Q

What is the term for a group of diseases characterized by thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls, often referred to as hardening of arteries?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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22
Q

Atherosclerosis is when athero mas (plaques of fatty deposits) forms in inner layer (___________) of arteries.

A

Intima

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23
Q

What is the term for disease that involves middle layer of arteries w/ destruction of muscle & elastic fibers & formation of calcium deposits?

A

Monckeberg arteriosclerosis

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24
Q

What is the term for thickening of walls of small arteries (arterioles)?

A

Arteriolosclerosis or arteriolar sclerosis

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25
Q

Surgical management of ____________ coronary arteries include PCI, CABG, & coronary stents.

A

Atherosclerosis

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26
Q

What are the indications of a-adrenergic receptor agonists?

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • HTN
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27
Q

What is the indication of a-adrenergic receptor antagonists?

A

Hypertension

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28
Q

Which 2 medications have the following indications? - Heart failure - HTN - Ventricular dysfunction post-MI

A
  • ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
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29
Q

What are the indications of B-adrenergic receptor antagonists (B blockers)?

A
  • Angina
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • HTN
  • Heart failure
  • Ventricular dysfunction post MI
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30
Q

Which medication’s indications are cardiac arrhythmias & heart failure?

A

Antiarrhythmics

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31
Q

What is the indication of direct renin inhibitors?

A

HTN

32
Q

What are the indications of calcium channel blockers?

A
  • Angina
  • HTN
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
33
Q

Which medication treats & prevents clot formation & emboli in deep veins, heart, lungs, & extremities?

A

Anticoagulants

34
Q

Which medication prevents clot formation & emboli in deep veins, heart, & brain?

A

Antiplatelets

35
Q

What are the indications of hemostatics?

A
  • Excessive bleeding
  • Hemorrhage
36
Q

Which medication prevents & treats CHD, dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, & atherosclerosis?

A

Cholesterol-modifying agents

37
Q

Which medication’s indication is central diabetes insipidus?

A

Antidiuretics

38
Q

What are the indications of diuretics?

A
  • Heart failure
  • HTN
  • Edema
39
Q

Which medication’s indication is pulmonary arterial HTN?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

40
Q

Vasodilators’ indication is ____________ & hydralazine & minoxidil are used for HTN.

A

Angina

41
Q

What is the term for temporary chest pain/discomfort when cardiac workload exceeds oxygen supply to myocardial tissue & ischemia occurs?

A

Angina pectoris

42
Q

Myocardial ischemia is caused by decreased oxygen supply (vessels, circulatory or blood factors) & increased oxygen ______________ (exercise, exertion).

A

Demand

43
Q

Primary or essential hypertension is also known as ____________ HTN & accounts for 90-95%.

A

Idiopathic

44
Q

Which type of hypertension is syndrome of markedly elevated BP (DBP > 135 mm Hg) w/ target organ damage?

A

Malignant

45
Q

What are the 4 nonmodifiable risk factors of primary HTN?

A
  • Pos family history of CVD
  • Age > 55
  • Gender (male <55 yrs, female >55 yrs)
  • Ethnicity (African American & Hispanic)
46
Q

Myocardial cell death due to prolonged _____________

A

Ischemia

47
Q

Which type of MI is caused by CAD & is triggered by atherosclerotic plaque disruption?

A

Type 1

48
Q

Which type of MI is due to mismatch b/t oxygen supply/demand by myocardial tissue w/ no atherosclerotic plaque disruption?

A

Type 2

49
Q

What is the term for decrease of 20 mm Hg or greater in SBP or drop of 10 mm Hg or more in both systolic & diastolic BP w/ concomitant pulse increase of 15 beats/min or more on standing from supine or sitting?

A

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

50
Q

Infarcted ___________ presents w/ altered ECG.

A

Myocardium

51
Q

What is the term for chaotic rhythm & rate in ECG?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

52
Q

What is present in ischemia ECG?

A

T wave inversion

53
Q

What is present in infarction/necrosis ECG?

A

ST elevation

54
Q

How does a normal ECG look like?

A
55
Q

Arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) is disturbance of HR or rhythm caused by abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by _____________ node or abnormal conduction of impulses.

A

Sinoatrial

56
Q

Infective endocarditis is an infection of endocardium which is the ____________ of the heart including the heart valves.

A

Lining

57
Q

Rheumatic fever is 1 form of endocarditis caused by which type of bacteria?

A

Streptococcal group A

58
Q

What is the term for chronic condition caused by scarring & deformity of heart valves?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

59
Q

What is the term for blood leaking backwards through heart valves?

A

Regurgitation

60
Q

What is the outer lining of the heart?

A

Pericardium

61
Q

What are the 2 layers of pericardium? Which one is attached to epicardium?

A
  • Inner visceral*
  • Outer parietal
62
Q

T/F: myocardium stabilizes heart in anatomic position & reduces excess friction.

A

F (pericardium)

63
Q

What is the term for abnormal stretching (dilation) in wall of artery, vein, or heart w/ diameter that is at least 50% greater than normal?

A

Aneurysm

64
Q

What is the most common type of aneurysm?

A

Abdominal aortic

65
Q

What is the term for swelling of vein bc of vein wall inflammation (phlebitis) occurring as result of thrombus deposition in vein?

A

Thrombophlebitis

66
Q

What are the 2 diff types of thrombophlebitis?

A
  • Deep vein
  • Superficial
67
Q

Vein thrombosis is a partial occlusion (____________ thrombus) or complete occlusion (____________ thrombus) of a vein by thrombus w/ secondary inflammatory reaction in the wall of vein.

A
  • Mural
  • Occlusive
68
Q

Venous thrombus is intravascular collection of ___________ network, platelets, erythrocytes, & leukocytes.

A

Fibrin

69
Q

What is the end result of activation of clotting cascade w/ the potential to produce significant morbidity & mortality?

A

Venous thrombus

70
Q

What are the risk factors for DVT?

A
  • Immobility (venous stasis)
  • Trauma (venous damage)
  • Lifestyle
  • Hypercoagulation
71
Q

Pulmonary embolism can occur when part of thrombus (embolus) in DVT breaks loose & travels through right side of heart into where?

A

Pulmonary artery

72
Q

What is the most devastating complication of DVT & where does it usually occur?

A
  • PEs
  • Large deep veins of pelvis & legs
73
Q

What are DVT & PE referred to?

A

Venous thromboembolism

74
Q

What is the most common reason for hospital readmission & death after total hip & knee arthroplasty?

A

VTE

75
Q

What are some other substances besides blood clot that can form emboli?

A
  • Air bubbles
  • Fat droplets
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Parasite clumps
  • Tumor cells
76
Q

What is the term for abnormal dilation of veins usually the saphenous veins of LE that leads to tortuosity of vessel, incompetence of valves, & propensity to thrombis?

A

Varicose veins

INTERNAL MED FINAL (6 decks)

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