CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
Which type of prevention involves risk factor reduction targeted towards entire population (especially children) through social & environment conditions?
Primordial
Which type of prevention reduces chances of first adverse CV event in patients w/ no clinical apparent CVD?
Primary
What are some of the cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease?
- Chest, neck, or arm pain/discomfort
- Angina
- Palpitations
- Dyspnea
- Syncope (fainting)
- Fatigue
- Cough
- Cyanosis
____________ & leg pain (claudication) are the most common symptoms of vascular component of CV pathologic conditions.
Edema
What are the biomarkers of CVD?
- BP
- Premature ventricular contraction
- LDL-C
- CRP
CVD, especially ___________ ____________, is the most common cause of hospitalization & death in older adults (80%).
Coronary atherosclerosis
What are these changes in aging associated w/?
- Reduction in # of myocytes & cells in conduction tissue
- Cardiac fibrosis
- Reduction in calcium transport
- Lower capillary density
- Decreases in intracellular response to B-adrenergic stimulation
- Impaired autonomic reflex control of HR
Increased ____________ & calcium & progressive deterioration of arterial media combines w/ atherosclerotic plaque formation results in stiff walls & narrowed lumen.
Collagen
T/F: w/ aging, the aorta becomes shorter.
F (dilated & elongated)
What type of vessels do calcium deposition & changes in amt of & loss of elasticity in elastin & collagen most often affect?
Larger & medium-sized
T/F: females have smaller hearts than males.
T
Which sex has greater risk of mitral valve prolapse, fatal arrhythmias from cardiac & psychotropic medications, & bleeding episodes from thrombolytic agents?
Female
During exercise w/ aging, what declines?
- Max oxygen uptake
- HR
- Max cardiac output
List the 5 components that are used to diagnose metabolic syndrome (3 out of 5).
- Elevated waist circumference (40 in for men & 35 in for women)
- Reduced HDL (less than 40 in men, less than 50 in women)
- Increased BP of 130/85
- Elevated fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL
- Elevated serum triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL
What is the optimal level of total cholesterol?
~ 150 mg/dL
What is the optimal level of LDL-C?
~ 100 mg/dL
What is considered elevated BP?
120-129 and <80
What is considered stage 1 HTN?
130-139 or 80-89
What is considered stage 2 HTN?
> = 140 or >= 90
What are the terms for disorder of myocardium owing to insufficient blood supply?
- Ischemic heart disease
- Coronary artery disease
- Coronary heart disease
What is the term for a group of diseases characterized by thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls, often referred to as hardening of arteries?
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is when athero mas (plaques of fatty deposits) forms in inner layer (___________) of arteries.
Intima
What is the term for disease that involves middle layer of arteries w/ destruction of muscle & elastic fibers & formation of calcium deposits?
Monckeberg arteriosclerosis
What is the term for thickening of walls of small arteries (arterioles)?
Arteriolosclerosis or arteriolar sclerosis
Surgical management of ____________ coronary arteries include PCI, CABG, & coronary stents.
Atherosclerosis
What are the indications of a-adrenergic receptor agonists?
- Orthostatic hypotension
- HTN
What is the indication of a-adrenergic receptor antagonists?
Hypertension
Which 2 medications have the following indications? - Heart failure - HTN - Ventricular dysfunction post-MI
- ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
What are the indications of B-adrenergic receptor antagonists (B blockers)?
- Angina
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- HTN
- Heart failure
- Ventricular dysfunction post MI
Which medication’s indications are cardiac arrhythmias & heart failure?
Antiarrhythmics
What is the indication of direct renin inhibitors?
HTN
What are the indications of calcium channel blockers?
- Angina
- HTN
- Cardiac arrhythmias
Which medication treats & prevents clot formation & emboli in deep veins, heart, lungs, & extremities?
Anticoagulants
Which medication prevents clot formation & emboli in deep veins, heart, & brain?
Antiplatelets
What are the indications of hemostatics?
- Excessive bleeding
- Hemorrhage
Which medication prevents & treats CHD, dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, & atherosclerosis?
Cholesterol-modifying agents
Which medication’s indication is central diabetes insipidus?
Antidiuretics
What are the indications of diuretics?
- Heart failure
- HTN
- Edema
Which medication’s indication is pulmonary arterial HTN?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Vasodilators’ indication is ____________ & hydralazine & minoxidil are used for HTN.
Angina
What is the term for temporary chest pain/discomfort when cardiac workload exceeds oxygen supply to myocardial tissue & ischemia occurs?
Angina pectoris
Myocardial ischemia is caused by decreased oxygen supply (vessels, circulatory or blood factors) & increased oxygen ______________ (exercise, exertion).
Demand
Primary or essential hypertension is also known as ____________ HTN & accounts for 90-95%.
Idiopathic
Which type of hypertension is syndrome of markedly elevated BP (DBP > 135 mm Hg) w/ target organ damage?
Malignant
What are the 4 nonmodifiable risk factors of primary HTN?
- Pos family history of CVD
- Age > 55
- Gender (male <55 yrs, female >55 yrs)
- Ethnicity (African American & Hispanic)
Myocardial cell death due to prolonged _____________
Ischemia
Which type of MI is caused by CAD & is triggered by atherosclerotic plaque disruption?
Type 1
Which type of MI is due to mismatch b/t oxygen supply/demand by myocardial tissue w/ no atherosclerotic plaque disruption?
Type 2
What is the term for decrease of 20 mm Hg or greater in SBP or drop of 10 mm Hg or more in both systolic & diastolic BP w/ concomitant pulse increase of 15 beats/min or more on standing from supine or sitting?
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension
Infarcted ___________ presents w/ altered ECG.
Myocardium
What is the term for chaotic rhythm & rate in ECG?
Ventricular fibrillation
What is present in ischemia ECG?
T wave inversion
What is present in infarction/necrosis ECG?
ST elevation
How does a normal ECG look like?
Arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) is disturbance of HR or rhythm caused by abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by _____________ node or abnormal conduction of impulses.
Sinoatrial
Infective endocarditis is an infection of endocardium which is the ____________ of the heart including the heart valves.
Lining
Rheumatic fever is 1 form of endocarditis caused by which type of bacteria?
Streptococcal group A
What is the term for chronic condition caused by scarring & deformity of heart valves?
Rheumatic heart disease
What is the term for blood leaking backwards through heart valves?
Regurgitation
What is the outer lining of the heart?
Pericardium
What are the 2 layers of pericardium? Which one is attached to epicardium?
- Inner visceral*
- Outer parietal
T/F: myocardium stabilizes heart in anatomic position & reduces excess friction.
F (pericardium)
What is the term for abnormal stretching (dilation) in wall of artery, vein, or heart w/ diameter that is at least 50% greater than normal?
Aneurysm
What is the most common type of aneurysm?
Abdominal aortic
What is the term for swelling of vein bc of vein wall inflammation (phlebitis) occurring as result of thrombus deposition in vein?
Thrombophlebitis
What are the 2 diff types of thrombophlebitis?
- Deep vein
- Superficial
Vein thrombosis is a partial occlusion (____________ thrombus) or complete occlusion (____________ thrombus) of a vein by thrombus w/ secondary inflammatory reaction in the wall of vein.
- Mural
- Occlusive
Venous thrombus is intravascular collection of ___________ network, platelets, erythrocytes, & leukocytes.
Fibrin
What is the end result of activation of clotting cascade w/ the potential to produce significant morbidity & mortality?
Venous thrombus
What are the risk factors for DVT?
- Immobility (venous stasis)
- Trauma (venous damage)
- Lifestyle
- Hypercoagulation
Pulmonary embolism can occur when part of thrombus (embolus) in DVT breaks loose & travels through right side of heart into where?
Pulmonary artery
What is the most devastating complication of DVT & where does it usually occur?
- PEs
- Large deep veins of pelvis & legs
What are DVT & PE referred to?
Venous thromboembolism
What is the most common reason for hospital readmission & death after total hip & knee arthroplasty?
VTE
What are some other substances besides blood clot that can form emboli?
- Air bubbles
- Fat droplets
- Amniotic fluid
- Parasite clumps
- Tumor cells
What is the term for abnormal dilation of veins usually the saphenous veins of LE that leads to tortuosity of vessel, incompetence of valves, & propensity to thrombis?
Varicose veins
