Cardiovascular system

Question 1

what does the CVS consist of

Answer 1

heart, blood vessels, blood

Question 2

what are the functions of the CVS

Answer 2

• continuous movement of all bodily fluids
• transport o2 + nutrients to tissues
• transport CO2 + metabolic wasted from tissues
• temp regulation
• distributions of molecules: hormones and immune cells

Question 3

describe the structure of blood vessels

Answer 3

three layers:
- tunica adventitia: outer layer. has vaso vasora
- tunica media: middle muscle layer
- tunica intima: inner lining of epi cells, basement membrane and collagenous tissue

Question 4

what is pericardium

Answer 4

membranous structure surrounding the heart, composed of fibrous and serous pericardium

Question 5

describe fibrous pericardium

Answer 5

outermost layer. made of collagen bundles which makes it tough and anchors the heart to diaphragm and vessels.

Question 6

describe serous pericardium

Answer 6

inner membrane that produces serous fluid, is further divided into parietal and visceral pericardium

Question 7

what is parietal pericardium

Answer 7

fused to fibrous pericardium, encases heart like a sac.

Question 8

what is visceral pericardium

Answer 8

innermost layer, also known as epicardium

Question 9

define pericardial cavity

Answer 9

between parietal and visceral pericardia. has a thin layer of serous (pericardial) fluid which reduces friction as the heart moved

Question 10

what is cardiac tamponade

Answer 10

where excess fluid builds with pericardial space. each contraction = more fluid accumulation.

Question 11

what are the three layers of the heart

Answer 11

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 12

what is the myocardium

Answer 12

is the tunica media of the heart. it is the thickest layer (cardiac msucle)

Question 13

what are is the function of trabeculae carnae

Answer 13

allow the heart to expand for filling with blood.

Question 14

what is endocardium?>

Answer 14

is the tunica intima. third and deepest lyaer of the heart wall. lined with endothelium, elastic and collagen.

Question 15

what is myocardial infarction

Answer 15

the formal term for a heart attack, where a lack of blood flow and oxygen cause death of cardiac muscle cells

Question 16

what is the pulmonary circuit

Answer 16

right side heart -> lungs -> heart

Question 17

what is systemic circuit

Answer 17

left side heart -> head and body -> returns right side of heart`

Question 18

elastic arteries

Answer 18

these are conducting arteries, i.e aorta and pulmonary arteries. they have a large diameter.
tunica interna have incomplete elastic lamina
tunica media has fenestrated elastic membranes + thin external elastic lamina with vaso vasorum
tunica adventitia has fibroeleastic connective tissue

Question 19

muscular arteries

Answer 19

tunica intima- endothelial layer with thick internal elastic lamina

tunica media - 40 layers of smooth muscle cells. made of elastic lamina, where elastic lamina is found at junctions of tunica media with intima and adventitia

tunica adventitia- thin layer of fibroelastic connective tissue

Question 20

arterioles

Answer 20

<0.1mm diameter = arterioles.
tunica intima- no prominent endothelium. may have some elastic fibres.

tunica media - 1 or 2 layers of smooth msucle cells

tunica adventitia - sparse loose connective tissue- this is a very thin layer

Question 21

capillaries

Answer 21

arise from terminal ends of arterioles. composed of endothelial cells.
two types:
- continuous capillaries: have no pores
- fenestrated capillaries: have pores that are covered by pore diaphragms

Question 22

where are fenestrated capillaries found

Answer 22

GI mucosa, endocrine glands, renal glomeruli.

Question 23

veins

Answer 23

have thinner walls and larger lumens than arteries.
3 types: small medium and large
small + medium: thin intima (has valves), relatively thin media, thick adventitia

large: thin intima (valves). thicker media, has elastin. thick tunica adventitia with vaso vasorum.