Cardiovascular system Flashcards
The fluid between tissues.
Interstitial fluid
Where is interstitial fluid located?
Found in spaces between cells
What is the circulating fluid in the closed circulatory system?
Blood
What is the circulating fluid in the open circulatory system?
Hemolymph
How will the hemolymph return to the heart?
Through the pores
Blood flow of a closed circulatory system
heart > artery > capillaries > cells, tissues > capillaries > veins > back to the heart
Flow of blood in an open circulatory system
Heart > arterial system > cells, tissues > sinuses (body spaces) > back to the heart via diffusion
2 pumping circuits of double circulation
pulmonary circuit and systematic circuit
In double circulation, the blood that passes through the respiratory capillaries will be going directly to systematic capillaries first, before returning to the heart. Is the statement true or false?
False. In double circulation, the blood will be returned to the heart first instead of going directly to the systematic capillaries.
All arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the?
Pulmonary arteries
It carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary arteries
What is the challenge in double circulation?
preventing the mixing of deoxygenated blood from the veins and the oxygenated blood from the lungs.
The extent of mixing deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood is further reduced by the ______________.
ridge in their ventricle
Pulmocutaneous comes from the words pulmo and cutaneous, which means ______(1) and _______(2), respectively.
(1) lungs (2) skin
This circuit is responsible for bringing blood to the skin for gas exchange to occur.
Pulmocutaneous circulation
Birds and mammals have developed 10-chambered hearts. True or false? If false, what is the correct answer?
False, 4 chambered hearts
Which chambers of heart receives oxygenated blood?
Left atrium and left ventricle
Which chambers of heart receives DEoxygenated blood?
Right atrium and right ventricle
Purpose of the sinus venosus in the vertebrate heart is to be a ___________.
pacemaker
2 types of circulation in mammals and birds
Pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation
A tissue that persists in the right atrial wall of mammalian and avian hearts because sinus venosus is absent in mammals and birds.
Sinoatrial node (SA)
Also known as warm-blooded animals, have the ability to maintain their internal body temperature independent of the environment.
Endotherms
pH of blood
between 7.35 and 7.45
The blood is ___ of the total body weight.
8%
How many liters of blood does the female body have?
4-5
How many liters of blood does the male body have?
5-6
Formed elements that constitute 45% of the total blood volume.
Cellular components
Also known as red blood cells
Erythrocytes
A whitish layer seen just above the red blood cells
Buffy coat
Also known as the white blood cells
Leukocytes
Also known as platelets
Thrombocytes
Fluid component of the blood
Plasma
The fraction of erythrocytes in the total blood volume is called ________.
Hematocrit
The shape of an RBC is a _______ , it is a flattened and thinner at the center than at the edges.
Biconcave
Red blood cells do not have mitochondria. True or False?
True
WBC’s constitute only __ of the total blood volume.
1%
In terms of presence of the nucleus, RBC’s are _______.
Anucleate
Where can WBC’s be found?
Interstitial fluid and lymphatic system
A white blood cell that aids in allergic reaction
Basophil
A white blood cell that assists in regulating parasitic infection and allergic reaction.
Eosinophil
A white blood cell that helps in fighting bacterial and fungal infections.
Neutrophil
A white blood cell that is responsible for viral infection and adaptive immunity.
Lymphocyte
A white blood cell that fights chronic infections and belongs to the innate immunity.
Monocyte
A small cut in your skin will cause your liver to release _____ into the blood once an injury in the blood vessel in present.
Prothrombin
Most abundant type of WBC’s
Neutrophils
Plasma proteins that play a role in regulating water movement between tissues and blood, protecting against foreign invaders and carrying lipids and steroid hormones, and helping in blood clotting.
Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
Normal blood pH in humans
7.4
Essential in sustaining the blood’s osmotic balance.
Inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions
Three types of blood vessels
Artery, vein, and capillary
Where blood away from the heart passes through
Artery
where blood from all parts of the body to the heart passes through
veins
Site of gas exchange
capillaries
The interior cavity through which blood flows
Lumen
The blood vessel which has the largest diameter
vein
A layer of flattened epithelial cells
Endothelium
Why do arteries have thicker layers?
It is important to accommodate blood pumped at high pressure by the heart
Role of endothelium
plays a role in decreasing resistance to blood flow
To get the vessel’s cross-sectional area, use the formula for the ________________.
area of a circle
Highest total cross sectional area
capillaries
How is blood pressure created?
when ventricle of the heart contracts
3 parts of the heart
chambers, vessels, and the valves
The first site where blood flowing away from the heart goes.
Aorta
Why does the human heart have 4 chambers?
to compensate for higher metabolic activities
4 valves in the heart
Mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve
Biggest veins in the heart
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
What is the function of the 4 valves in the heart?
prevent backflow of blood
Other term for tricuspid and mitral valves
atrioventricular valves
It is characterized by a rounded swelling in any arterial wall but usually in the aorta.
Aneurysm
Fats, cholesterol, cellular debris, calcium, and other substances build up in the wall of an artery.
Atherosclerosis
It involves heart defects present from birth
Congenital heart defects
The force of blood against the arterial walls
Hypertension
People with this disease bleed longer than a normal person because they lack clotting proteins.
Hemophilia
3 types of atherosclerosis
Carotoid, coronary, renal artery
This is characterized by a damaged vessel supplying blood to the heart.
Coronary heart disease
A term used to babies because they are not getting enough oxygen
Blue babies
First successful operation for blue babies
1944
Since RBCs do not have mitochondria, it means that they use ____________________ for ATP generation.
Anaerobic metabolism
Prevents the backflow of blood
valves
