Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the blood flow formula?

Answer 1

Question 2

What is blood flow proportional to? (2)

Answer 2

Question 3

What is blood flow inversely proportional to? (2)

Answer 3

Question 4

Blood always flow from high pressure to __ pressure (pressure gradient has to be present)

Answer 4

low

Question 5

What is the formula for resistance?

Answer 5

Question 6

What is resistance proportional to? (2)

Answer 6

Question 7

What is resistance inversely proportional to?

Answer 7

Question 8

What is the formula for MAP?

Answer 8

MAP = CO x TPR

MAP: average p through system
CO: amount of blood pumped/min
TPR: total R in the system

Question 9

What is the formula for CO?

Answer 9

CO = SV x HR

CO: the amount of blood pumped/min
SV: amount of blood pumped/contraction

Question 10

What is the MAP formula when you do not have the value for CO?

Answer 10

MAP = SV x HR x TPR

Question 11

MAP = DBP + ___ (SBP - DBP)

Answer 11

1/3

Question 12

What are blood valves?

Answer 12

Ensure blood moves in 1 direction

Question 13

What are the AV valves? (2)

Answer 13

• Tricuspid
• Mitral (bicuspid)

Question 14

What are the semi-lunar valves? (2)

Answer 14

• Pulmonary
• Aortic

Question 15

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is the function of veins?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cava?

Answer 17

Question 18

What is the route of blood flow? (7)

Answer 18

Question 19

What are the heart sounds?

Answer 19

Caused by blood pushing against closed valves.

Question 20

Heart Sounds:
1st Sound:

Answer 20

Blood pushes against closed AV valves

Question 21

Heart Sounds:
2nd Sound:

Answer 21

Blood pushes against closed semi-lunar valves

Question 22

What are auto-rhythmic cells?

Answer 22

Question 23

What are contractile cells?

Answer 23

Question 24

How are action potentials stimulated in auto-rhythmic cells? (3)

Answer 24

Question 25

What is the pathway of electrical signalling through the heart? (3)

Answer 25

Question 26

What does the p-wave represent?

Answer 26

Atrial depolarization

Question 27

What is the QRS complex?

Answer 27

Ventricular depolarization

Question 28

What is the T wave?

Answer 28

Ventricular repolarization

Question 29

What does the QRS complex mask?

Answer 29

Atria repolarization is masked/hidden behind the QRS complex.

Question 30

Calculate the time for 1 heartbeat.

Answer 30

Time between 2 R's.

Question 31

Calculate the time between atrial and ventricular depolarization.

Answer 31

Time between P and Q.

Question 32

Calculate time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

Answer 32

Time between Q and T.

Question 33

What is the cardiac cycle? (5)

Answer 33

Question 34

What is the formula of the SV?

Answer 34

SV = EDV - ESV EDV: Amount of blood in the ventricular after systole (after filling) ---> complete filling ESV: Amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after systole (after ejection)

Question 35

What is the effect of SNS on the heart? (2)

Answer 35

Question 36

What is the effect of PNS on the heart? (2)

Answer 36

Question 37

What is the Frank-Starling effect? (2)

Answer 37

Question 38

How do you increase SV and increase CO? (2)

Answer 38

1. Increase contractility by activating SNS 2. Increase the amount of blood in the heart and Frank-Starling effect will allow for a greater force of contraction

Question 39

How is the force of contraction determined? (2)

Answer 39

Question 40

What is the afterload?

Answer 40

The resistance to blood (anything that hinders blood flow).

Question 41

What does afterload decrease?

Answer 41

Ejection Fraction (%)

Question 42

Explain how after-load overpowers the Frank-Starling effect.

Answer 42

Question 43

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 43

Question 44

What are the valve disorders? (2)

Answer 44

Question 45

What is mitral stenosis?

Answer 45

Question 46

What is aortic stenosis?

Answer 46

Question 47

What is mitral incompetence?

Answer 47

Question 48

What is aortic incompetence?

Answer 48

Question 49

What are the signs of hypertrophy? (2)

Answer 49

- Thickness of ventricle - Increase in diameter

Question 50

Note: w/ aortic stenosis aortic incompetence, there is a lot of blood in LV = Increase P in LV What does this eventually lead to?

Answer 50

Question 51

What is High Output heart failure?

Answer 51

Question 52

What is Low Output heart failure?

Answer 52

Decrease in SV = Decrease in CO

Question 53

Low Output heart failure: Diastolic low output failure =

Answer 53

Question 54

Low Output heart failure: Systolic low output failure =

Answer 54

Question 55

Low Output heart failure: Systolic low output failure = Left-sided...

Answer 55

Question 56

Low Output heart failure: Systolic low output failure = Right-sided...

Answer 56

Question 57

What is the effect of exercise on the heart?

Answer 57

Question 58

Why does exercise induce an increase in SV and an increase in CO?

Answer 58

Question 59

What is cardiac shock?

Answer 59

Decrease in CO and Decrease in BP (very low)

Question 60

Cardiac shock: What if TPR is low? (2)

Answer 60

Vasogenic or Neurogenic shock

Question 61

What are the types of vasogenic shock? (2)

Answer 61

Question 62

What is neurogenic shock?

Answer 62

Question 63

Cardiac shock: What if TPR is high? (2)

Answer 63

1. Cardiogenic shock 2. Hypovolemic shock

Question 64

What is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 64

Question 65

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 65

Question 66

ANY time CO is low: (2)

Answer 66

Question 67

What happens when BP is low? (2)

Answer 67

Question 68

note: if YOU increase TPR/CO, BP always _____ & vice-versa.

Answer 68

increases