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MBBCh 2- PHSL2004A > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood flow formula?

A
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2
Q

What is blood flow proportional to? (2)

A
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3
Q

What is blood flow inversely proportional to? (2)

A
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4
Q

Blood always flow from high pressure to __ pressure (pressure gradient has to be present)

A

low

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5
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A
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6
Q

What is resistance proportional to? (2)

A
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7
Q

What is resistance inversely proportional to?

A
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8
Q

What is the formula for MAP?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

MAP: average p through system
CO: amount of blood pumped/min
TPR: total R in the system

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9
Q

What is the formula for CO?

A

CO = SV x HR

CO: the amount of blood pumped/min
SV: amount of blood pumped/contraction

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10
Q

What is the MAP formula when you do not have the value for CO?

A

MAP = SV x HR x TPR

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11
Q

MAP = DBP + ___ (SBP - DBP)

A

1/3

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12
Q

What are blood valves?

A

Ensure blood moves in 1 direction

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13
Q

What are the AV valves? (2)

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Mitral (bicuspid)
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14
Q

What are the semi-lunar valves? (2)

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Aortic
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15
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A
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16
Q

What is the function of veins?

A
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17
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cava?

A
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18
Q

What is the route of blood flow? (7)

A
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19
Q

What are the heart sounds?

A

Caused by blood pushing against closed valves.

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20
Q

Heart Sounds:
1st Sound:

A

Blood pushes against closed AV valves

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21
Q

Heart Sounds:
2nd Sound:

A

Blood pushes against closed semi-lunar valves

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22
Q

What are auto-rhythmic cells?

A
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23
Q

What are contractile cells?

A
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24
Q

How are action potentials stimulated in auto-rhythmic cells? (3)

A
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25
Q

What is the pathway of electrical signalling through the heart? (3)

A
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26
Q

What does the p-wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization

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27
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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28
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

29
Q

What does the QRS complex mask?

A

Atria repolarization is masked/hidden behind the QRS complex.

30
Q

Calculate the time for 1 heartbeat.

A

Time between 2 R’s.

31
Q

Calculate the time between atrial and ventricular depolarization.

A

Time between P and Q.

32
Q

Calculate time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

A

Time between Q and T.

33
Q

What is the cardiac cycle? (5)

A
34
Q

What is the formula of the SV?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

EDV: Amount of blood in the ventricular after systole (after filling) —> complete filling

ESV: Amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after systole (after ejection)

35
Q

What is the effect of SNS on the heart? (2)

A
36
Q

What is the effect of PNS on the heart? (2)

A
37
Q

What is the Frank-Starling effect? (2)

A
38
Q

How do you increase SV and increase CO? (2)

A
  1. Increase contractility by activating SNS
  2. Increase the amount of blood in the heart and Frank-Starling effect will allow for a greater force of contraction
39
Q

How is the force of contraction determined? (2)

A
40
Q

What is the afterload?

A

The resistance to blood (anything that hinders blood flow).

41
Q

What does afterload decrease?

A

Ejection Fraction (%)

42
Q

Explain how after-load overpowers the Frank-Starling effect.

A
43
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A
44
Q

What are the valve disorders? (2)

A
45
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A
46
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A
47
Q

What is mitral incompetence?

A
48
Q

What is aortic incompetence?

A
49
Q

What are the signs of hypertrophy? (2)

A
  • Thickness of ventricle
  • Increase in diameter
50
Q

Note: w/ aortic stenosis aortic incompetence, there is a lot of blood in LV = Increase P in LV

What does this eventually lead to?

A
51
Q

What is High Output heart failure?

A
52
Q

What is Low Output heart failure?

A

Decrease in SV = Decrease in CO

53
Q

Low Output heart failure:

Diastolic low output failure =

A
54
Q

Low Output heart failure:

Systolic low output failure =

A
55
Q

Low Output heart failure:

Systolic low output failure =

Left-sided…

A
56
Q

Low Output heart failure:

Systolic low output failure =

Right-sided…

A
57
Q

What is the effect of exercise on the heart?

A
58
Q

Why does exercise induce an increase in SV and an increase in CO?

A
59
Q

What is cardiac shock?

A

Decrease in CO and Decrease in BP (very low)

60
Q

Cardiac shock:

What if TPR is low? (2)

A

Vasogenic or Neurogenic shock

61
Q

What are the types of vasogenic shock? (2)

A
62
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A
63
Q

Cardiac shock:

What if TPR is high? (2)

A
  1. Cardiogenic shock
  2. Hypovolemic shock
64
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A
65
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A
66
Q

ANY time CO is low: (2)

A
67
Q

What happens when BP is low? (2)

A
68
Q

note: if YOU increase TPR/CO, BP always _____ & vice-versa.

A

increases

MBBCh 2- PHSL2004A (19 decks)

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