Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the blood flow formula?
What is blood flow proportional to? (2)
What is blood flow inversely proportional to? (2)
Blood always flow from high pressure to __ pressure (pressure gradient has to be present)
low
What is the formula for resistance?
What is resistance proportional to? (2)
What is resistance inversely proportional to?
What is the formula for MAP?
MAP = CO x TPR
MAP: average p through system
CO: amount of blood pumped/min
TPR: total R in the system
What is the formula for CO?
CO = SV x HR
CO: the amount of blood pumped/min
SV: amount of blood pumped/contraction
What is the MAP formula when you do not have the value for CO?
MAP = SV x HR x TPR
MAP = DBP + ___ (SBP - DBP)
1/3
What are blood valves?
Ensure blood moves in 1 direction
What are the AV valves? (2)
- Tricuspid
- Mitral (bicuspid)
What are the semi-lunar valves? (2)
- Pulmonary
- Aortic
What is the function of arteries?
What is the function of veins?
What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cava?
What is the route of blood flow? (7)
What are the heart sounds?
Caused by blood pushing against closed valves.
Heart Sounds:
1st Sound:
Blood pushes against closed AV valves
Heart Sounds:
2nd Sound:
Blood pushes against closed semi-lunar valves
What are auto-rhythmic cells?
What are contractile cells?
How are action potentials stimulated in auto-rhythmic cells? (3)
What is the pathway of electrical signalling through the heart? (3)
What does the p-wave represent?
Atrial depolarization
What is the QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization
What is the T wave?
Ventricular repolarization
What does the QRS complex mask?
Atria repolarization is masked/hidden behind the QRS complex.
Calculate the time for 1 heartbeat.
Time between 2 R’s.
Calculate the time between atrial and ventricular depolarization.
Time between P and Q.
Calculate time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
Time between Q and T.
What is the cardiac cycle? (5)
What is the formula of the SV?
SV = EDV - ESV
EDV: Amount of blood in the ventricular after systole (after filling) —> complete filling
ESV: Amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after systole (after ejection)
What is the effect of SNS on the heart? (2)
What is the effect of PNS on the heart? (2)
What is the Frank-Starling effect? (2)
How do you increase SV and increase CO? (2)
- Increase contractility by activating SNS
- Increase the amount of blood in the heart and Frank-Starling effect will allow for a greater force of contraction
How is the force of contraction determined? (2)
What is the afterload?
The resistance to blood (anything that hinders blood flow).
What does afterload decrease?
Ejection Fraction (%)
Explain how after-load overpowers the Frank-Starling effect.
What is ejection fraction?
What are the valve disorders? (2)
What is mitral stenosis?
What is aortic stenosis?
What is mitral incompetence?
What is aortic incompetence?
What are the signs of hypertrophy? (2)
- Thickness of ventricle
- Increase in diameter
Note: w/ aortic stenosis aortic incompetence, there is a lot of blood in LV = Increase P in LV
What does this eventually lead to?
What is High Output heart failure?
What is Low Output heart failure?
Decrease in SV = Decrease in CO
Low Output heart failure:
Diastolic low output failure =
Low Output heart failure:
Systolic low output failure =
Low Output heart failure:
Systolic low output failure =
Left-sided…
Low Output heart failure:
Systolic low output failure =
Right-sided…
What is the effect of exercise on the heart?
Why does exercise induce an increase in SV and an increase in CO?
What is cardiac shock?
Decrease in CO and Decrease in BP (very low)
Cardiac shock:
What if TPR is low? (2)
Vasogenic or Neurogenic shock
What are the types of vasogenic shock? (2)
What is neurogenic shock?
Cardiac shock:
What if TPR is high? (2)
- Cardiogenic shock
- Hypovolemic shock
What is cardiogenic shock?
What is hypovolemic shock?
ANY time CO is low: (2)
What happens when BP is low? (2)
note: if YOU increase TPR/CO, BP always _____ & vice-versa.
increases
