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MBBCh 2- PHSL2004A > 10. Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

10. Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A
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2
Q

How does the nervous system act?

A
  • The nervous system acts by means of electrical signals (APs) to control the rapid response of the body.
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3
Q
  • Nerve and muscle cells =
A

= excitable tissue because they are able to produce electrical signals when excited.

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4
Q

What is the ANS?

A
  • Autonomic = self- governing
  • Regulates activities of systems not under voluntary control e.g. respiration, circulation, digestion, metabolism, sweating
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5
Q
  • ANS concerned with control of tagged tissues: (4)
A
  • Cardiac muscles
  • Smooth muscle in blood vessels & viscera
  • Glands
  • Helps maintain a constant internal body environment ( homeostasis)
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6
Q
  • Divided into two major anatomically districts divisions that have largely opposing actions: (2)
A
  • Sympathetic ( Thoracolumbar/ SNS)
  • Parasympathetic (craniosacral/ PNS)
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7
Q
  • Divided into two major anatomically districts divisions that have largely opposing actions: (2)
A
  • Sympathetic ( Thoracolumbar/ SNS)
  • Parasympathetic (craniosacral/ PNS)
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8
Q
  • importance of SNS & PNS:
A
  • Many commonly used medications (e.g medications for treating high BP, for regulating GIT function, or for maintaining a regular heart beat) have their major actions on nerves within these systems
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8
Q
  • importance of SNS & PNS:
A
  • Many commonly used medications (e.g medications for treating high BP, for regulating GIT function, or for maintaining a regular heart beat) have their major actions on nerves within these systems
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9
Q

Where are cell bodies of primary neurones/ presynaptic/ preganglionic neurones located?

A
  • Cell bodies of primary neurones/ presynaptic/ preganglionic neurones are located in the intermediolateral ( IML ) gray column of the spinal chord or in the brain stem nuclei.
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10
Q

What is the function of cell bodies of primary neurones/ presynaptic/ preganglionic neurones located? (2)

A
  • They send axons which are usually small-diameter, myelinated,relatively slow conducting B fibres to synapse with secondary/ postsynaptic/postganglionic neurones located in one of the autonomic ganglia.
  • From there, the postganglionic axon ( mostly unmyelinated C fibres) passes to its target
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11
Q
  • The autonomic outflow system projects widely to most _____ ______ and is not as highly focused as the somatic motor system.
A

target tissue

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12
Q
  • Because the postganglionic fibres outnumber preganglionic fibres by a ratio of ___:__ , a single preganglionic neurone may control the autonomic functions of a rather extensive terminal area
A

32:1

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13
Q

Comparison of the ANS with the somatic nervous system:

A
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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:

A
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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System:

A
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16
Q

What is the autonomic nerve pathway?

A
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17
Q

Somatic nervous system - pathway to the effector organ:

A
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18
Q

Autonomic nervous system - Parasympathetic division, pathway to the effector pathway:

A
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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system - Sympathetic division, pathway to the effector pathway:

A
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20
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Origin of fibres:

A
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21
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous
Origin of fibres:

A
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22
Q

Pathway to effector organs
PNS vs SNS:

A
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23
Q

Structural differences between SNS & PNS:

A
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23
Structural differences between SNS & PNS:
24
Dual effector control: (2)
* Systems have opposing effects * Antagonistic e.g. Heart: SNS increase HR, while PNS decrease HR
25
Define Tonically active:
Partially active always; balance between the two which results in more precise, fine control
26
* Complementary SNS & PNS _______ e.g. salivary glands: PNS causes watery saliva, while SNS causes thick, viscous saliva
activation
27
SNS vs PNS functions:
28
What are neurotransmitters? (3)
* substances released by synaptic terminals for the purpose of transmitting information from one nerve cell to another * Bind to post synaptic membrane receptors where they have an effect * important to ANS Acetylcholine (Ach) and noradrenaline (NA)
29
What are the functions of neurotransmitters?
* change cell membrane permeability to ion (open/closes channels) increase Or decrease Enzyme attached to receptor (2nd messengers)
29
What are the functions of neurotransmitters?
* change cell membrane permeability to ion (open/closes channels) increase Or decrease Enzyme attached to receptor (2nd messengers)
30
What are the receptors of neurotransmitters?
* Different types of receptors so that organs can have different reactions to the same stimulus e.g fight or flight
31
Cholinergic receptors: * Synaptic transmission mediated by ________ (Ach)
acetylcholine (Ach)
32
What are the types of Cholinergic receptors? (2)
* Nicotinic Pre-post ganglionic * Muscarinic Postganglionic-end organ
33
Where are Cholinergic receptors found?
* Always found between pre and post ganglionic neurones
34
True or false All parasympathetic postganglionic neurones are also cholinergic
True, All parasympathetic postganglionic neurones are also cholinergic ie. Release Ach so must bind to Muscarinic receptors
35
True or false, not all sympathetic postganglionic fibres are adrenergic
False, most sympathetic post ganglionic fibres are adrenergic so act on alpha or beta receptors except sweat glands and post ganglionic neurones that end on blood vessels on some skeletal muscle
36
What are adrenergic receptors? (3)
* Synaptic transmission mediated by noradrenaline or adrenaline * Alpha with subtypes a1 and a2 * Beta with subtypes B1, B2, and B3
37
How are cholinergic fibres found in the parasympathetic system?
38
How are cholinergic fibres and adrenergic fibres found in the sympathetic system?
39
Comparison of SNS and PNS: (5)
40
How does the ACh synapse work? (3)
40
How does the ACh synapse work? (3)
41
How does the noradrenaline synapse work?
42
What are 2nd messengers?
* An intracellular chemical that is activated by the binding of an extra cellular 1st messenger to a surface receptor site, triggering a pre- programmed series of biochemical events that alter activity of intracellular proteins controlling a particular cellular activity
43
2nd messengers examples: (2)
* Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) * Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)
44
How does the first messenger (neurotransmitter) utilize a cellular response?
44
How does the first messenger (neurotransmitter) utilize a cellular response?
45
Neurotransmitter: ACh Receptor: 2nd messenger: Increased/decreased:
45
Neurotransmitter: ACh Receptor: 2nd messenger: Increased/decreased:
46
Neurotransmitter: NA Receptor: 2nd messenger: Increased/decreased:
47
How do IP3 and DAG work?
48
How does cAMP work?
49
Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers: - a1 receptors: (4)
50
Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers: - a2 receptors: (3)
50
Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers: - a2 receptors: (3)
51
Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers: - B1 receptors: (2)
51
Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers: - B1 receptors
52
Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers: - B2 receptors: (3)
53
SNS effects on specific targets Blood vessels: * SNS: B2 (NA) = (2)
* SNS: B2 (NA) = vasodilation (increased blood flow to heart & skeletal muscles) * Regulation is achieved by or the firing rate above or below the tonic level in sympathetic fibres
54
SNS effects on specific targets Blood vessels: * SNS: a1 (NA) = (2)
* SNS: a1 (NA) = vasoconstriction (decreased blood flow to skin, organs, and gut) * Regulation is accomplished by or the firing rate above or below the tonic level in sympathetic fibres
55
SNS effects on specific targets Sweat glands - * Apocrine sweat glands: (4)
56
SNS effects on specific targets Sweat glands - * Eccrine sweat glands: (5)
57
SNS effects on specific targets Eye - PUPIL * Radial muscle of the iris: (3)
- SNS (a1) Contraction - Dilation of the pupil Let’s more light in - Sphincter/ circular muscle does not respond to NA, but responds to Ach
58
SNS effects on specific targets Eye - PUPIL * Ciliary muscle: (2)
- SNS (B2) ---> Relaxation of the ciliary muscle - Zonular fibre/ suspenders ligaments pulled tight ---> Flattens lens ----> for distant vision
59
SNS effects on specific targets Eye - PUPIL * Ciliary muscle: (2)
- SNS (B2) ---> Relaxation of the ciliary muscle - Zonular fibre/ suspenders ligaments pulled tight ---> Flattens lens ----> for distant vision
60
SNS effects on specific targets Lungs (B2): (2)
* bronchodilation * decreased mucous secretion
61
SNS effects on specific targets Urinary bladder: (2)
* relaxes bladder wall (B2) ---> Can hold more urine * contracts sphincter (a1) ----> Inhibits micturition pathway
62
SNS effects on specific targets GIT/stomach (a1, a2): (3)
63
SNS effects on specific targets Kidneys: (2)
64
SNS effects on specific targets Kidneys: (2)
65
SNS effects on specific targets B3 receptors: (2)
* in adipose tissue * increase in cAMP
66
SNS specific effects Neurotransmitter: NA Tissue: Heart Muscle, SA node Receptor: 2nd messenger: Effect:
67
SNS specific effects Neurotransmitter: NA Tissue: Bronchioles, BV (skeletal muscle), Bladder wall & GIT Receptor: 2nd messenger: Effect:
68
SNS specific effects Neurotransmitter: NA Tissue: Arteries, Bladder sphincter, Apocrine sweat glands & salivary glands Receptor: 2nd messenger: Effect:
69
SNS specific effects Neurotransmitter: ACh Tissue: Eccrine sweat glands Receptor: 2nd messenger: Effect:
70
PNS effects on specific targets Gall bladder:
* Contraction to release bile
71
PNS effects on specific targets Urinary bladder:
* Pathway through which micturition reflex occurs Sphincter relaxation ----> + bladder wall contraction
72
PNS effects on specific targets Stomach/GIT: (3)
73
PNS effects on specific targets Rectum & Anus:
* pathway through which defecation reflex occurs
74
PNS effects on specific targets Rectum & Anus:
* pathway through which defecation reflex occurs
75
PNS specific effects Neurotransmitter: ACh Tissue: Heart - SA node Receptor: 2nd messenger: Effect:
76
Neurotransmitter: ACh Tissue: Smooth muscle - GIT, bronchioles, bladder wall, bladder sphincter Receptor: 2nd messenger: Effect:
77
Neurotransmitter: ACh Tissue: Salivary glands, GIT glands, Mucous (bronchi) Receptor: 2nd messenger: Effect:
78
Comparison of SNS and PNS target organs:
79
How are the lungs involved in the PNS and SNS?
80
What is the anatomy of an asthma attack?
81
How are the heart, peripheral blood vessels, adrenal gland and sweat glands involved in the PNS and SNS?
82
How is the liver, gall bladder, pancreas and GIT involved in the PNS and SNS?
83
How is the bladder involved in the PNS and SNS?
84
How are the eyes (iris muscle - pupil diameter) involved in the PNS and CNS?
85
Target Tissue: Heart Sympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Post-synaptic receptor: Tissue response: Parasympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Tissue response:
86
Target Tissue: Blood vessels Sympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Post-synaptic receptor: Tissue response: Parasympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Tissue response:
87
Target Tissue: Adrenal gland Sympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Post-synaptic receptor: Tissue response: Parasympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Tissue response:
87
Target Tissue: Adrenal gland Sympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Post-synaptic receptor: Tissue response: Parasympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Tissue response:
88
Target Tissue: Sweat glands Sympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Post-synaptic receptor: Tissue response: Parasympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Tissue response:
89
Target Tissue: Lungs Sympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Post-synaptic receptor: Tissue response: Parasympathetic response Neurotransmitter released: Tissue response:
90
Summary of ANS control of specific target organs: READ & STUDY (1)
91
Summary of ANS control of specific target organs: READ & STUDY (2)
92
What is an agonist/stimulant/mimetic? (2)
* substance that activates receptor = agonist/stimulant/mimetic * Enhances ANS response + binds NT receptors & mimics NT
93
What is an antagonist/blocker? (3)
* substances that inhibit receptor = antagonist, blocker * depresses AND response + binds NT receptor & blocks NT * does not elicit a response
94
What is an antagonist/blocker? (3)
* substances that inhibit receptor = antagonist, blocker * depresses AND response + binds NT receptor & blocks NT * does not elicit a response
95
What is an agonist?
* Chemicals (ligands) that binds to receptors to activate them ----> Cellular response & mimics actions of NTs
96
What is an antagonist? (2)
* Blocker * chemicals (ligands) that bind to receptors to prevent the actions of agonists ----> No cellular response
97
Pharmacology & Ach synapse Nicotinic Agonist: Muscarinic agonist:
98
Pharmacology & Ach synapse process:
99
Pharmacology & Ach synapse: Nicotinic Antagonist - Muscarinic Antagonist -
100
Pharmacology & Ach synapse: ACh inhibitors:
101
Pharmacology & NA synapse Agonists:
102
Pharmacology & NA synapse Blockers:
103
Pharmacology & NA synapse Stimulants:
104
Pharmacology & NA synapse Reuptake inhibitors:
105
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Beta Blocker Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
106
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Alpha Blocker Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
107
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Muscarinic agonist Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
108
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Anticholinesterase Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
109
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Anticholinesterase Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
110
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Beta Agonist Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
111
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Alpha Agonist Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
112
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Non-specific adrenergic agonist (adrenaline) Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
113
Pharmacological interventions Pharmacological Agent: Muscarinic blocker Signs & symptoms: Used to treat:
114
Diseases Horner’s syndrome:
* Lesions of cervical parts of sympathetic chain produces characteristic signs on ipsilateral side of face
115
Diseases * Enophthalamos --->
Slight retraction of globe of eye Paralysis of smooth muscle
116
Diseases * Ptosis ---->
Drooping of eyelid ----> Paralysis of smooth muscle part of lavatory palpebrae
117
Diseases * Miosis ----->
Constricted pupils ----> Unopposed PNS action
118
Diseases * Anhidrosis ---->
Loss of sweating ---> Over the half of face and neck
119
What is Pheochromocytoma?
* Catecholamine-secreting tumour Mostly increased NA
120
Pheochromocytoma: HR: BP:
121
Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma: (3)
122
Pheochromocytoma: What are the consequences of Long term increased In catecholamines? (6)

MBBCh 2- PHSL2004A (19 decks)

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