cardiovascular system :) Flashcards
what does the cardio system work hand and hand with?
the brain and the respiratory system
where is the heart more deviated?
left of the chest
sac that is a doubled walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
fiborous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
parietal
the innermost layer pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart
visceral
in between the visceral and parietal there is this fluid that acts like a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
pericardial fluid
lower pointy part of the heart
apex
how many layers are in the heart?
3
what are the layers of the heart?
endocardium, epicardium, myocardium
outer most layer of the heart
endocardium
outer most layer of the heart
epicardium
biggest part of the heart muscle
-contraction and relaxation
-if anything happens to this muscle, it leads to a heart attack
myocardium
what brings blood to the heart?
coronary arteries
-oxygen rich blood
what does the coronary veins do?
takes away the waste
- the right side is larger than the left
-the two upper chambers
atria
the two lower chambers
ventricles
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
between the left atrium and the left ventricle
mitral valve
medications that help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure
ace inhibitor
a condition in which the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells
anemia
an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel
aneurysm
a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
angina
surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery
angioplasty
having the effect of retarding or inhibiting the coagulation of the blood
anticoagulant
a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells
aplastic anemia
a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat
arrhythmia
a catheter-based procedure used to remove plaque build up in the arteries
atherectomy
degeneration of the walls of the arteries caused by accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue, and leading to restriction of the circulation and a risk of thrombosis
atheroma
the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and one the artery walls
atherosclerosis
an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart
artrial fibrillation
analyze the heart rhythm and deliver an electric shock to victims of ventricular fibrillation to restore the heart rhythm to normal
automated external defibrillator
decreases the activity of the heart
beta-blocker
an imbalance of body fluids (blood bile, lymph, and phlegm)
body dyscrasia
slow heart rate
bradycardia
when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops pumping
cardiac arrest
a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is guided through a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose or treat certain heart conditions, such as clogged arteries or irregular heartbeats
cardiac catheterization
a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body
cardiomyopathy
a surgical procedure to remove a build up of fatty deposits (plaque) which cause narrowing of a caratiod artery
carotid endarterectomy
a waxy, fat-like substance made by your liver
cholesterol
when your leg veins don’t allow blood flow back up to your heart
chronic venous insufficiency
a blockage of the flow of blood to the heart, caused by a blood clot in a coronary artery
coronary thrombosis
the stopping of fibrillation of the heart by administrating a controlled electric shock in order to allow restoration of the normal rhythm
defibrillation
help rid your body of salt and water
diuretic
records the electrical signal from the heart to check different heart conditions
electrocardiogram
obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble
embolism
a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism
embolus
a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves
endocarditis
a type of blood cell that made in the bone marrow and found in the blood
erythrocytes
a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs
hemoglobin
a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made
hemolytic
the stopping of a flow of blood
hemostatis
coronary artery disease or “hardening of the arteries”
ischemic heart disease
a broad term for cancers of the blood cells
leukemia
type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue
leukocytes
a condition where the body doesn’t have enough disease-fighting leukocytes in the blood
leukopenia
a form of anemia characterized by very large blood cells and a decrease in the number of those cells
megaloblastic
a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells
myelodysplastic syndrome
heart attack
myocardial infarction
a form of low blood pressure that can happen when standing after sitting or lying down
orthostatic hypotension
the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane
pericardium
a type of vitamin b12 anemia
pernicious anemia
an inflammation that causes a blood clot to form in a vein, usually your leg
phlebitis
causes some areas of the body, such as fingers and toes, to feel numb and cold in response to cold temperature or stress
raynaud’s disease
the clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria
septicemia
the hemoglobin is abnormal, which causes the red blood cells to become hard and sticky and look like a c-shaped
sickle cell anemia
heart rate over 100 beats a minute
tachycardia
where the arteries, particularly those at the side of the head (temples) become inflamed
temporal arteries
an imaging test that indicates how well blood flows into your heart while you’re exercising or at rest
thallium stress test
a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count
thromocytopenia
“clot-busting” drugs that break up and dissolve blood clots that get in the way of your blood flow
thromobolytic
local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system
thrombosis
result from the formation of a thrombus within, surrounding, or at the tip of the catheter
thromobotic occulsion
a blood clot formed in situ within the vasucular system of the body and impeding blood flow
thrombus
adverse events associated with the transfusion of whole blood or one of its components
transfusion reaction
inflammation of the valves of the heart
valvulitis
twisted, enlarged veins
varicose veins
a type of irregular heart rhythm, lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner
ventricular fibrillation
doubled walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
parietal pericarduim
lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
pericardial fluid
inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart
visceral pericardium
supply oxygen rich blood to the myocardium
coronary arteries
receiving chambers
atria
pump blood to the entire body
ventricles
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle
mitral valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat, natural pacemaker, contraction of the heart
sa node
located on the floor of the right atrium near the inter atrial septum, transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of his
av node
group of fibers located within the inter ventricular septum, carry electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions
bundle of his
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles, cause ventricles to contract
perkinje fibers
contraction of the atria
p wave
stimulation of the ventricles
qrs complex
relaxation of the ventricles
t wave
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
arteries
bright red blood because it is oxygen rich
arterial blood
largest blood vessel in the body
aorta
major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
carotid arteries
located on each side of the neck
common carotid artery
brings oxygen rich blood to the brain
internal carotid artery
brings blood to the face
external carotid artery
smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries
arterioles
form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues, slow the blood flow down to allow plasma to flow into the tissues
capillaries
located near the body surface
superficial veins
located within the tissues and away from the body surface
deep veins
two largest veins in the body, return blood to the heart
venae cavae
transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart
superior vena cava
transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
inferior vena cava
rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by contraction of the heart
pulse
measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
when the ventricles contract, highest pressure against the walls of an artery
systolic pressure
when the ventricles are relaxed, lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
diastolic pressure
straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
plasma
plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
serum
clotting proteins found in plasma, clot formation to control bleeding
fibrinogen and prothrombin
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow, transport oxygen to tissues
erythrocytes
oxygen carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
hemoglobin
wbc, blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
leukocytes
formed in red blood marrow, play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
neutrophils
formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
eosinophils
formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen, identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them
lymphocytes
formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen, provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
monocytes
platelets, smallest formed elements of the blood, important role in clotting of the blood, become sticky when blood vessel is damaged, clump together to form clot to stop bleeding
thrombocytes
defines the presence or absence of the rh antigen on the red blood cells
rh factor
how many americans have the rh antigen? & called rh positive
85%
how many americans do not have the rh anitgen? & called rh negative
15%
when does the rh factor cause difficulties
when a rh positive baby is born to a rh negative mom
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities diseases, and disorders of the heart
cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
hematologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
vascular surgeon
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
congenital heart defect
atheroscelrosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle, creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina, a myocardial infarction, or death
cad (coronary artery disease)
characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
end-stage coronary artery disease
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
fatty deposit that is similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe
plaque
opening within these vessels through which the blood vessels
lumen
severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angina
occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest
stable angina
accumulation of fluid in the lungs also known as pulmonary edema
left side heart failure
fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body
right side heart failure
disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly
dilated cardiomyopathy
when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
sudden cardiac death
episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium or in the av node
psvt (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia)
rapid irregular and useless contractions of the ventricles
ventricular fibrillation
very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia
total cholesterol:
desirable levels?
below 200 mg/dL
total cholesterol:
borderline high levels?
200-239 mg/dL
total cholesterol
high levels?
240 mg/dL and above
LDL:
optimal levels?
below 100 mg/dL
LDL:
near optimal levels?
100-129 mg/dL
LDL:
high levels?
160-189 mg/dL
LDL:
very high levels?
190 mg/dL and above
HDL
bad levels?
below 40 mg/dL
HDL
better levels?
40 and 59 mg/dL
HDL
best levels?
60 mg/dL
triglycerides
desirable levels?
150 mg/dL
triglycerides
borderline high levels?
150-199 mg/dL
triglycerides:
high levels?
200-499 mg/dL
triglycerides
very high levels?
500 mg/dL
elevation of atrial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
hypertension
consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
primary hypertension, idiopathic hypertension, essential hypertension
caused by a different medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal gland
secondary hypertension
characterized by very high blood pressure, accompanied with damage to the organs, the brain, optic nerves, failure of the heart and kidneys
malignant hypertension
normal blood pressure
systolic number?
less than 120
normal blood pressure
diastolic number?
less than 80
pre-hypertension
systolic number?
between 120 and 139
pre-hypertension
diastolic number?
between 80 and 89
stage 1 hypertension
systolic number?
between 140 and 159
stage 1 hypertension
diastolic number
between 90 and 99
stage 2 hypertension
systolic number?
160 or higher
stage 2 hypertension
diastolic number?
100 or higher
what is tylenol? midal? asprin?
acetaminophen
what is midol? advil? motrin?
ibuprofen
having a stroke drug?
tpa
it is given to contact the heart more
digitailis
constrict
vasocontrictor
dialate
vacodialator
