cardiovascular system :) Flashcards
1
Q
what does the cardio system work hand and hand with?
A
the brain and the respiratory system
2
Q
where is the heart more deviated?
A
left of the chest
3
Q
sac that is a doubled walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
A
pericardium
4
Q
fiborous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
A
parietal
5
Q
the innermost layer pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart
A
visceral
6
Q
in between the visceral and parietal there is this fluid that acts like a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
A
pericardial fluid
7
Q
lower pointy part of the heart
A
apex
8
Q
how many layers are in the heart?
A
3
9
Q
what are the layers of the heart?
A
endocardium, epicardium, myocardium
10
Q
outer most layer of the heart
A
endocardium
11
Q
outer most layer of the heart
A
epicardium
12
Q
biggest part of the heart muscle
-contraction and relaxation
-if anything happens to this muscle, it leads to a heart attack
A
myocardium
13
Q
what brings blood to the heart?
A
coronary arteries
-oxygen rich blood
14
Q
what does the coronary veins do?
A
takes away the waste
15
Q
- the right side is larger than the left
-the two upper chambers
A
atria
16
Q
the two lower chambers
A
ventricles
17
Q
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
A
tricuspid valve
18
Q
between the left atrium and the left ventricle
A
mitral valve
19
Q
medications that help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure
A
ace inhibitor
20
Q
a condition in which the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells
A
anemia
21
Q
an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel
A
aneurysm
22
Q
a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
A
angina
23
Q
surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery
A
angioplasty
24
Q
having the effect of retarding or inhibiting the coagulation of the blood
A
anticoagulant
25
a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells
aplastic anemia
26
a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat
arrhythmia
27
a catheter-based procedure used to remove plaque build up in the arteries
atherectomy
28
degeneration of the walls of the arteries caused by accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue, and leading to restriction of the circulation and a risk of thrombosis
atheroma
29
the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and one the artery walls
atherosclerosis
30
an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart
artrial fibrillation
31
analyze the heart rhythm and deliver an electric shock to victims of ventricular fibrillation to restore the heart rhythm to normal
automated external defibrillator
32
decreases the activity of the heart
beta-blocker
33
an imbalance of body fluids (blood bile, lymph, and phlegm)
body dyscrasia
34
slow heart rate
bradycardia
35
when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops pumping
cardiac arrest
36
a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is guided through a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose or treat certain heart conditions, such as clogged arteries or irregular heartbeats
cardiac catheterization
37
a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body
cardiomyopathy
38
a surgical procedure to remove a build up of fatty deposits (plaque) which cause narrowing of a caratiod artery
carotid endarterectomy
39
a waxy, fat-like substance made by your liver
cholesterol
40
when your leg veins don't allow blood flow back up to your heart
chronic venous insufficiency
41
a blockage of the flow of blood to the heart, caused by a blood clot in a coronary artery
coronary thrombosis
42
the stopping of fibrillation of the heart by administrating a controlled electric shock in order to allow restoration of the normal rhythm
defibrillation
43
help rid your body of salt and water
diuretic
44
records the electrical signal from the heart to check different heart conditions
electrocardiogram
45
obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble
embolism
46
a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism
embolus
47
a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves
endocarditis
48
a type of blood cell that made in the bone marrow and found in the blood
erythrocytes
49
a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs
hemoglobin
50
a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made
hemolytic
51
the stopping of a flow of blood
hemostatis
52
coronary artery disease or "hardening of the arteries"
ischemic heart disease
53
a broad term for cancers of the blood cells
leukemia
54
type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue
leukocytes
55
a condition where the body doesn't have enough disease-fighting leukocytes in the blood
leukopenia
56
a form of anemia characterized by very large blood cells and a decrease in the number of those cells
megaloblastic
57
a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells
myelodysplastic syndrome
58
heart attack
myocardial infarction
59
a form of low blood pressure that can happen when standing after sitting or lying down
orthostatic hypotension
60
the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane
pericardium
61
a type of vitamin b12 anemia
pernicious anemia
62
an inflammation that causes a blood clot to form in a vein, usually your leg
phlebitis
63
causes some areas of the body, such as fingers and toes, to feel numb and cold in response to cold temperature or stress
raynaud's disease
64
the clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria
septicemia
65
the hemoglobin is abnormal, which causes the red blood cells to become hard and sticky and look like a c-shaped
sickle cell anemia
66
heart rate over 100 beats a minute
tachycardia
67
where the arteries, particularly those at the side of the head (temples) become inflamed
temporal arteries
68
an imaging test that indicates how well blood flows into your heart while you're exercising or at rest
thallium stress test
69
a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count
thromocytopenia
70
"clot-busting" drugs that break up and dissolve blood clots that get in the way of your blood flow
thromobolytic
71
local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system
thrombosis
72
result from the formation of a thrombus within, surrounding, or at the tip of the catheter
thromobotic occulsion
73
a blood clot formed in situ within the vasucular system of the body and impeding blood flow
thrombus
74
adverse events associated with the transfusion of whole blood or one of its components
transfusion reaction
75
inflammation of the valves of the heart
valvulitis
76
twisted, enlarged veins
varicose veins
77
a type of irregular heart rhythm, lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner
ventricular fibrillation
78
doubled walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
79
fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
parietal pericarduim
80
lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
pericardial fluid
81
inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart
visceral pericardium
82
supply oxygen rich blood to the myocardium
coronary arteries
83
receiving chambers
atria
84
pump blood to the entire body
ventricles
85
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
86
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
87
located between the left atrium and left ventricle
mitral valve
88
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
89
located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat, natural pacemaker, contraction of the heart
sa node
90
located on the floor of the right atrium near the inter atrial septum, transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of his
av node
91
group of fibers located within the inter ventricular septum, carry electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions
bundle of his
92
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles, cause ventricles to contract
perkinje fibers
93
contraction of the atria
p wave
94
stimulation of the ventricles
qrs complex
95
relaxation of the ventricles
t wave
96
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
arteries
97
bright red blood because it is oxygen rich
arterial blood
98
largest blood vessel in the body
aorta
99
major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
carotid arteries
100
located on each side of the neck
common carotid artery
101
brings oxygen rich blood to the brain
internal carotid artery
102
brings blood to the face
external carotid artery
103
smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries
arterioles
104
form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues, slow the blood flow down to allow plasma to flow into the tissues
capillaries
105
located near the body surface
superficial veins
106
located within the tissues and away from the body surface
deep veins
107
two largest veins in the body, return blood to the heart
venae cavae
108
transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart
superior vena cava
109
transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
inferior vena cava
110
rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by contraction of the heart
pulse
111
measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
112
when the ventricles contract, highest pressure against the walls of an artery
systolic pressure
113
when the ventricles are relaxed, lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
diastolic pressure
114
straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
plasma
115
plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
serum
116
clotting proteins found in plasma, clot formation to control bleeding
fibrinogen and prothrombin
117
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow, transport oxygen to tissues
erythrocytes
118
oxygen carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
hemoglobin
119
wbc, blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
leukocytes
120
formed in red blood marrow, play a major role in the immune system's defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
neutrophils
121
formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
eosinophils
122
formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen, identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them
lymphocytes
123
formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen, provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
monocytes
124
platelets, smallest formed elements of the blood, important role in clotting of the blood, become sticky when blood vessel is damaged, clump together to form clot to stop bleeding
thrombocytes
125
defines the presence or absence of the rh antigen on the red blood cells
rh factor
126
how many americans have the rh antigen? & called rh positive
85%
127
how many americans do not have the rh anitgen? & called rh negative
15%
128
when does the rh factor cause difficulties
when a rh positive baby is born to a rh negative mom
129
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities diseases, and disorders of the heart
cardiologist
130
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
hematologist
131
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
vascular surgeon
132
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
congenital heart defect
133
atheroscelrosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle, creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina, a myocardial infarction, or death
cad (coronary artery disease)
134
characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
end-stage coronary artery disease
135
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
136
fatty deposit that is similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe
plaque
137
opening within these vessels through which the blood vessels
lumen
138
severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angina
139
occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest
stable angina
140
accumulation of fluid in the lungs also known as pulmonary edema
left side heart failure
141
fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body
right side heart failure
142
disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly
dilated cardiomyopathy
143
when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
sudden cardiac death
144
episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium or in the av node
psvt (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia)
145
rapid irregular and useless contractions of the ventricles
ventricular fibrillation
146
very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia
147
total cholesterol:
desirable levels?
below 200 mg/dL
148
total cholesterol:
borderline high levels?
200-239 mg/dL
149
total cholesterol
high levels?
240 mg/dL and above
150
LDL:
optimal levels?
below 100 mg/dL
151
LDL:
near optimal levels?
100-129 mg/dL
152
LDL:
high levels?
160-189 mg/dL
153
LDL:
very high levels?
190 mg/dL and above
154
HDL
bad levels?
below 40 mg/dL
155
HDL
better levels?
40 and 59 mg/dL
156
HDL
best levels?
60 mg/dL
157
triglycerides
desirable levels?
150 mg/dL
158
triglycerides
borderline high levels?
150-199 mg/dL
159
triglycerides:
high levels?
200-499 mg/dL
160
triglycerides
very high levels?
500 mg/dL
161
elevation of atrial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
hypertension
162
consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
primary hypertension, idiopathic hypertension, essential hypertension
163
caused by a different medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal gland
secondary hypertension
164
characterized by very high blood pressure, accompanied with damage to the organs, the brain, optic nerves, failure of the heart and kidneys
malignant hypertension
165
normal blood pressure
systolic number?
less than 120
166
normal blood pressure
diastolic number?
less than 80
167
pre-hypertension
systolic number?
between 120 and 139
168
pre-hypertension
diastolic number?
between 80 and 89
169
stage 1 hypertension
systolic number?
between 140 and 159
170
stage 1 hypertension
diastolic number
between 90 and 99
171
stage 2 hypertension
systolic number?
160 or higher
172
stage 2 hypertension
diastolic number?
100 or higher
173
what is tylenol? midal? asprin?
acetaminophen
174
what is midol? advil? motrin?
ibuprofen
175
having a stroke drug?
tpa
176
it is given to contact the heart more
digitailis
177
constrict
vasocontrictor
178
dialate
vacodialator
