Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Physiology (Finals) > Cardiovascular physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

It describes how volume changes in response to a change in pressure.

A

Capacitance (compliance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The resting membrane potential (RMP) in the Ventricular Action Potential

A

−90 millivolts (mV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false

In each parallel artery, the pressure is the same.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It is located in the interventricular septum (upper border of the muscular part of the septum), the muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Capacitance (compliance) is:

______ proportional to volume
______ proportional to pressure.

A

directly
inversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

It is a small, specialized cluster of cells located in the wall of the RIGHT atrium, which is often referred to as the “natural pacemaker”

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

The__________ nerves slow the rhythm and diminish the rate of conduction of the impulse

the _________ nerves stimulation

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

[PHASES of VENTRICULAR ACTION POTENTIAL]

The cell returns to its resting membrane potential, and the ion concentrations are restored to their baseline levels. The membrane potential approaches
the K+ equilibrium potential.

A

Phase 4 (Resting Membrane Potential)

–period during which inward and outward currents (IK1) are equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Formula for mean arterial pressure

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(SP – DP)
or
MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is the phase of slow depolarization in the SA node action potential caused by an increase in Na + conductance, which results in an inward Na + current
called If.

It accounts for the pacemaker activity of the
SA node (automaticity).

A

Phase 4 (Pacemaker Potential - Diastolic Depolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

It is a consequence of the fact that adjacent layers of blood travel at different velocities within a blood vessel.

A

Shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____- receptors are found on arterioles of skeletal muscle.

A

β2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The conducting system of the heart consists of?

A
  • specialized CARDIAC MUSCLE present in the sinoatrial (SA) node
  • the atrioventricular (AV) node,
  • the atrioventricular (AV) bundle and its right and left terminal branches,
  • the subendocardial plexus of Purkinje fibers (specialized cardiac muscle fibers that form the conducting system of the heart).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Known as the bundle of His, it is a bundle of specialized muscle fibers that serves as the only pathway of cardiac muscle, which connects the myocardium of the atria and the myocardium of the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The AV node and the His–Purkinje systems are ______ pacemakers that may exhibit automaticity and override the SA node if it is suppressed.

A

latent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false

the direction of blood flow is from low pressure to high pressure.

A

False

HIGH pressure to LOW pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

[PHASES of VENTRICULAR ACTION POTENTIAL]

It is the upstroke of the action potential due to the a rapid influx of sodium ions (Na+) through voltage-gated sodium channels, causing the cell membrane to depolarize.

A

Phase 0 (Rapid Depolarization, Peak of Action Potential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or false

Each blood vessel or set of blood vessels in series receives different total blood flow.

A

False

Each blood vessel or set of blood vessels in series receives the SAME total blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Capacitance (compliance) is __________ related to elastance, or stiffness.

A

inversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

It is a force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it

A

Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The veins have a ____ (low, high) capacitance and, therefore, can hold LARGE volumes of blood at low pressure.

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This action potential is responsible for triggering the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart.

A

Ventricular Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or false

Velocity of blood is zero at the wall and lowest at the center of the vessel.

A

False

Velocity of blood is zero at the wall and HIGHEST at the center of the vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It is a component of the conducting system that has an unstable resting potential, exhibiting phase 4 depolarization, or automaticity

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

[KEY COMPONENTS OF ECG WAVEFORM)

It represents the atrial depolarization, the first upward deflection on the ECG.

A

P Wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

These are the key components of an ECG waveform

A

*P Wave
*PR Interval
*QRS Complex
*QT Interval
*ST segment
*T Wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The ______________ is the area of a two-dimensional shape that is obtained when a three-dimensional object - such as a cylinder - is sliced perpendicular to some specified axis at a point

A

cross-sectional area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or false

When an artery is added in parallel, the total resistance decreases.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or false

Venous pressure is very high.

A

False

Venous pressure is very LOW.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

It is located on the LOWER part of the atrial septum just ABOVE the the TRICUSPID valve, which is stimulated by the excitation wave as it passes through the atrial myocardium.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

__________ predicts whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent.

A

Reynolds number (Re)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

____-receptors are found on the arterioles of the skin, splanchnic, and renal circulations.

A

α1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Issues with the SA node, such as dysfunction or irregularities in its electrical activity, can lead to heart rhythm disorders (_________)

A

arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True or false

The SA node’s specialized pacemaker activity is crucial for maintaining the rhythmic contractions of the heart and ensuring an appropriate heart rate based on the body’s needs.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

[PHASES of VENTRICULAR ACTION POTENTIAL]

It is the brief period of initial repolarization due to the opening of certain potassium channels, allowing the efflux of potassium ions (K+) (outward current) and decrease in Na+ conductance.

A

Phase 1 (Early/Initial Repolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

It’s the highest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle.

A

Systolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

After the electrical impulses pass through the AV node, they travel down the _________

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (bundle of His)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

[PHASES of VENTRICULAR ACTION POTENTIAL]

It is the repolarization phase, as the sustained depolarization is terminated by an increased efflux of potassium ions (Ca2+ conductance decreases, K+ conductance increases)

A

Phase 3 (Rapid Repolarization)

–The high K+ conductance -> large outward K+ current (IK) -> hyperpolarizes the membrane back toward the K+ equilibrium potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Velocity is ________ proportional to the
cross-sectional area at any level of the cardiovascular system.

A

inversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

________ describes the distensibility of blood vessels.

A

Capacitance (compliance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

True or false

In series resistance, blood flow through the largest artery is the same as the total blood flow through all of the capillaries.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or false

The slight delay in the passage of the impulse from the atria to the ventricles allows time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

It is a series of pressure changes that take place within the heart, which involves complete relaxation and contraction of both the atria and ventricles

A

Cardiac cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the cardiac impulse is conducted to the ventricles by the ____________.

A

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True or false

Changes in the capacitance of the veins produce changes in unstressed volume.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

It conducts impulses rapidly throughout the myocardium of the heart

A

Conducting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

It is a diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a specific period of time. This non-invasive test is commonly used to assess the heart’s rhythm and electrical conduction, providing valuable information about the heart’s health and function.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

It is the phase of repolarization in the SA node action potential caused by an increase in K+ conductance. This increase results in an outward K+ current that causes repolarization of the membrane potential.

A

Phase 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The most important determinant of pulse pressure is ___________.

A

stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

____ node acts as a delay mechanism, briefly slowing down the impulse.

A

Atrioventricular (AV)

51
Q

_________ (Increase, Decrease) in capacitance, such as those that occur with the aging process, cause increases in pulse pressure.

A

Decrease

52
Q

It studies how factors affect blood flow throughout the body.

A

Hemodynamics

53
Q

It refers to the sequence of electrical events that occur during the depolarization and repolarization of ventricular muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) in the heart.

A

Ventricular Action Potential

54
Q

It is measured after the heart contracts (systole) and blood is ejected into the arterial system.

A

Systolic pressure

55
Q

True or false

Each artery in parallel receives a fraction of the total blood flow.

A

True

56
Q

It is measured when the heart is relaxed (diastole) and blood is returned to the heart via the veins.

A

Diastolic pressure

57
Q

Velocity of blood flow can be expressed by the following equation:

A

V = Q/A

where:
* v = velocity (cm/sec)
* Q = blood flow (mL/min)
* A = cross-sectional area (cm2)

58
Q

The rhythmic contractile process originates spontaneously in the ___________ and the impulse travels to different regions of the heart, so the atria contract first and together, to be followed later by the contractions of both ventricles together.

A

conducting system

59
Q

True or false

Similar to the SA node, the AV node is influenced by the autonomic nervous system.

A

True

60
Q

What component of the vasculature is this?

  • progressively merge to form larger veins (e.g the vena cava)
  • thin walled.
  • under low pressure.
  • contain the highest proportion of the blood in the cardiovascular system
  • have α1-adrenergic receptors
A

Veins

61
Q

True or false

The delay at the AV node serves as a safety mechanism, ensuring that the atria fully contract and empty their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract.

A

True

62
Q
A
63
Q

The Capacitance (compliance) is _______ for veins than for arteries.

A

greater

64
Q

It plays a crucial role in transmitting the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node (AV node) to the ventricles, coordinating the contraction of the heart’s lower chambers.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

65
Q

The Atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches then give rise to smaller fibers known as _________.

A

Purkinje fibers

66
Q

Blood flow is _______ proportional to the resistance of the blood vessels

A

inversely

67
Q

It is the node that spontaneously gives origin to rhythmic electrical impulses that spread in all directions through the cardiac muscle of the atria and cause the muscle to contract.

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

68
Q

True or false

A increase in venous capacitance -> decrease in unstressed volume

A

False

A DECREASE in venous capacitance -> decrease in unstressed volume

69
Q

_______ flow is streamlined (in a straight line); ______ flow is not (chaotic).

A

Laminar; turbulent

70
Q

True or false

As blood flows through the systemic circulation, pressure increases progressively because of the resistance to blood flow.

A

False

As blood flows through the systemic circulation, pressure DECREASES progressively because of the resistance to blood flow.

71
Q

The veins contains _____ (less, more) blood volume (________ volume)

A

more, unstressed

72
Q

Resistance is ______ proportional to the viscosity of the blood.

A

directly

73
Q

It is an important determinant of the capacitance of the arteries

A

Age

74
Q

Capacitance of the arteries ________ (increases, decreases) with age; arteries become stiffer and less distensible.

A

decreases

75
Q

The normal heart contracts rhythmically at about ________ beats per minute in the resting adult.

A

70 to 90

76
Q

The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, as expressed by the following equation:

A

Rtotal = Rartery + Rarterioles + Rcapillaries

77
Q

The measured _______________ pressure is approximately equal to the left atrial pressure.

A

pulmonary capillary

78
Q

Components of the vasculature

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries

79
Q

The arteries contains _____ (less, more) blood volume (________ volume)

A

less, stressed

80
Q

True or False

The GREATER the amount of elastic tissue there is in a blood vessel, the HIGHER the elastance is, and the LOWER the compliance is.

A

True

81
Q

Capacitance (compliance) is expressed by the following equation:

A

C = V/P

where:
* C = capacitance or compliance (mL/mm Hg)
* V = volume (mL)
* P = pressure (mm Hg)

82
Q

______ resistance is illustrated by the arrangement of blood vessels within a given organ.

A

Series

83
Q

The average arterial pressure with respect to time.

A

Mean arterial pressure

84
Q

It is for the coordinated and rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers

A

Conducting system

85
Q

Action potentials are of long duration
* in Purkinje fibers = ____ milliseconds (msec).

A

300

86
Q

One of its functions is for generation of rhythmic cardiac impulses

A

Conducting system

87
Q

Resistance is ______ proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

A

inversely

88
Q

Phases ___ and ___ are not present in the SA node action potential

A

1 and 2

89
Q

What component of the vasculature is this?

*the smallest branches of the arteries.
* the site of highest resistance in the cardiovascular system.
* have a smooth muscle wall that is extensively innervated by autonomic nerve fibers.

A

Arterioles

90
Q

Slowest or fastest?

The intrinsic rate of phase 4 depolarization (and heart rate) is the ___________ in the SA node and the _________ in the His–Purkinje system:

SA node > AV node > His–Purkinje

A

fastest; slowest

91
Q

Because diastolic pressure remains unchanged during ventricular systole, the pulse pressure _________ (increases, decreases) to the same extent as the systolic pressure.

A

increases

92
Q

It is the the lowest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle.

A

Diastolic pressure

93
Q

The normal MAP range is between _________

A

70 and 100 mmHg

94
Q

The speed of conduction of the cardiac impulse through the atrioventricular node (about _____ seconds) allows sufficient time for the atria to empty
their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles start to contract.

A

0.11

95
Q

It is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

A

Pulse pressure

96
Q

As blood flows through the series of blood vessels, the pressure ________ (decreases, increases).

A

decreases

97
Q

[PHASES of VENTRICULAR ACTION POTENTIAL]

It is the plateau of the action potential marked by a sustained depolarization, mainly due to the balance between calcium influx (through L-type calcium channels) and potassium efflux. The influx of calcium prolongs the action potential and contributes to the plateau phase.

A

Phase 2 (Plateau phase, Membrane potential is stable)

98
Q

________ is how your blood flows through your blood vessels.

A

Hemodynamics

99
Q

blood velocity is higher in the ______ (______ cross-sectional area) than in the sum of all of the ______ (______ cross-sectional area).

A

aorta, small
capillaries, large

100
Q

The pressure gradient (ΔP) drives blood flow.

A

True

101
Q

True or false

Decreasing viscosity will increase resistance and decrease blood flow

A

False

INCREASING viscosity will increase resistance and decrease blood flow

102
Q

True or false

The total resistance is more than the resistance of any of the individual arteries.

A

False

The total resistance is LESS than the resistance of any of the individual arteries.

103
Q

What component of the vasculature is this?

*deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues.
* thick walled
* extensive elastic tissue and smooth muscle.
* under high pressure.

A

Arteries

104
Q

True or false

The largest decrease in pressure occurs across the arterioles because they are the site of highest resistance.

A

True

105
Q

Highest or lowest

Pressure is ______ in the aorta and large arteries and ______ in the venae cavae.

A

highest, lowest

106
Q

True or false

Left atrial pressure is estimated by the pulmonary wedge pressure.

A

True

107
Q

True or false

Shear is the highest at the wall and the lowest at the center of the vessel

A

True

108
Q

As blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the arterial system, arterial pressure _______ (increases, decreases) because of the relatively ____ (low, high) capacitance of the arteries.

A

increases, low

109
Q

They are formed from merged capillaries.

A

Venules

110
Q

Features of arterial pressure

A

*Pulsatile (strong regular rhythm)
*Dynamic (not constant) during a cardiac cycle

111
Q

Mean pressures in the systemic circulation

*Aorta, _____ mm Hg
*Arterioles, ____ mm Hg
*Capillaries, ____ mm Hg
*Vena cava, ____ mm Hg

A

*Aorta, 100 mm Hg
*Arterioles, 50 mm Hg
*Capillaries, 20 mm Hg
*Vena cava, 4 mm Hg

112
Q

Reynolds number (and therefore turbulence) is increased by the following factors:

A

↓ blood viscosity (e.g., erythropenia (low RBC count)).
↑ blood velocity (e.g., narrowing of a vessel).

113
Q

Velocity is _______ proportional to blood flow

A

directly

114
Q

_______ resistance is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A

Arteriolar

115
Q

True or false

The lower velocity of blood in the capillaries optimizes conditions for exchange of substances across the capillary wall.

A

True

116
Q

Resistance is ______ proportional to the length of the vessel.

A

directly

117
Q

It is calculated approximately as diastolic pressure plus one-third of pulse pressure.

A

Mean arterial pressure

118
Q

Sounds heard during measurement of blood pressure, which are caused by turbulent blood flow.

A

The Korotkoff sounds

119
Q

Arterial pressure is slightly _____ (lower, higher) than venous pressure.

A

lower

120
Q

Normal heartbeat (HR)?

A

60-100 bpm

121
Q

What component of the vasculature is this?

*largest total cross-sectional and surface area (measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies.).
* Consists of single layer of endothelial cells thin walled
* site of exchange of nutrients, water, and gases.

A

Capillaries

122
Q

Parallel resistance is illustrated by the ______ circulation

A

systemic

123
Q

True or false

A catheter, inserted into the smallest branches of the pulmonary vein, makes almost direct contact with the pulmonary capillaries.

A

False

A catheter, inserted into the smallest branches of the pulmonary ARTERY, makes almost direct contact with the pulmonary capillaries.

General Physiology (Finals) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions