Cardiovascular phgy part 2 (starting from slide 54) Flashcards
What is transmural pressure?
What is the difference between a vein and an artery in terms of compliance, size/resistance.
transmural pressure, is pressure in the vessel
large artery- stiffer vessel due to more smooth muscle (lower compliance), low resistance
large vein-low resistance, has few layers of smooth muscle so it has higher compliance
What is compliance, and what is the equation?
equation: change in volume/change in pressure
definition-the ability of a vessel to respond to an increase in pressure by distending and increase the volume of blood it can hold, or with decreased pressure, a decrease in volume
Why does heart failure occur?
-it occurs when the ventricle has become stiff (low compliance), so the volume of contractions is less so there is a lower stroke volume (less blood release)
what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
-right atrium, right ventricle
-left atrium, left ventricle
What are the great vessels of the heart?
right pulmonary artery (feeds right lung), right pulmonary veins (comes from right lung)
-inferior vena cava (input to the right heart), superior vena cava
-aorta, left pulmonary artery (feeds left lung), left pulmonary veins (comes from left lung)
-pulmonary trunk- splits into 2 vessels
what is the difference between the right ventriclular free wall (RVFW) and the left ventricular free wall (LVFW)?
-What separates them?
LVFW has a much thicker wall than the RVFW, causing LVFW to be the higher pressure side of the heart (5-10x more pressure than RVFW)
-separated by inter ventricular septum
What separates the atria?
-inter atrial septum
What are the 4 cardiac valves?
-tricuspid valve (has 3 cusps)
-pulmonary (pulmonic) valve
-mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
-aortic valve
what are the 2 types of semilunar valves?
-aortic semilunar valve
-pulmonary semilunar valve
What does the choradae tendonae do vs the papillary muscle?
-chordae tendinae=doesnt stress much (tendon like)
-papillary muscle (comes out of left VFW) and electrical contraction also contracts this muscle within the walls
how many layers are there in the pericardium, what is its purpose?
-it has 2 layers of tissue, one is tough and there is pericaridal fluid between the layers to act as lubricant
-it is a sac that is there so the heart doesnt overfill (constrains the size of vessels
what is difference between epicardium and endocardium?
-epicardium- is connective tissue layer
-endocardium is a single layer of cells (endothelium)
what is the circulation of blood in the pulmonary section of the body?
-TAACVPC
T-pulmonary trunk
-A-pulmonary arteries
-A-pulmonary arterioles
-C-Capillaries of lung
-V-pulmonary Venules
PC-Pulmonary veins
What is flow of blood directly after of the pulmonary section of body?
AAVLAV
A-left atrium
AV-left AV valve
L-Left ventricle
AV-aortic valve
What is the flow of blood after the aortic valve opens?
Ao-Aorta
A-Arteries
A-arterioles
C-capillaries
V-venules
V-veins
Vc-Venae Cavae (brings blood back to atrium)
What is the flow of blood after the venae cavae?
AAVVPV
A-right atrium
AV-right AV valve
PV-pulmonary valve
What is the function of the atrial/ventricular cells in the heart?
-their function is to contract
What is the activation seqeuence used for?
What do sinoatrial (SA) nodes do?
What do SA nodes drive?
-activation seq. is used to analyze ECG
-every second, cells in the sa node have special heart cells that are being spontaneously activated to generate action potentials
-their cells drive the heart rate
Where does the action potential in the heart begin, where does it go?
-action potential begins in the SA node then moves from cell to cell ( in a wave like motion) in the right atrium, over the septum, then to the left atrium and stops
when does the action potential arrive in the purkinje fibers?
Where does the AP move (direction wise)?
how is ventricular muscle activated (direction wise)?
-AP arrives at all the purkinje fibers at the same time
-AP moves from endocardium to epidcardium, these fibers are located just under the pericardium
-ventricular muscle is activated from inside to outside of pericardium
in what direction does the septum activate?
-septum activates left to right and from top to bottom