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Phgy 210 > Cardiovascular phgy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular phgy Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system part 1

A
  1. bringing nutrients into body (ex. from intestine to liver)
    2.bringing fuel to cells (ex. glucose from liver to brain, you have 4 min to help someone in cardiac arrest since brain + heart has no internal source of energy)
    3.bringing O2 from cells to lungs (mainly aerobic)
  2. removal of waste products (ex. CO2 from lungs, ammonia in liver–>urea–>kidneys
  3. circulation of hormones (adrenaline from adrenal glands to heart muscle)
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2
Q

functions of cardiovascular system part 2

A
  1. circulation of immune cells and antibodies
  2. regulation of pH (ex. lungs, kidneys)
  3. H2O balance (ex. excercise, dehydration, overhydration)
  4. thermoregulation (ex. excercise, hypothermia, hypothermia, muscle is not very efficient, about 85% energy is converted into heat )
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3
Q

myocyte, what do they generate, how many capillaries are there per myocyte
-what forms conc. gradient

A

cells of the heart, they generate the contractile force of the heart
-every myocyte has 4-5 capillaries around it (where O2 conc is high)
-need dense network of capillaries to form conc gradient
-heart has highest O2 consumption

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4
Q

Flow factors

A
  1. concentration gradient
  2. diffusion constant
  3. cross sectional area
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5
Q

Diffusion flow formula?
what is flux formula
how much faster does Co2 diffuse

A

Flow= diffusion constant(Cout-Cin/d)Area
flux=flow/area= diffusion constant*(Cout-Cin/d)
Co2 diffuses 20 times easier compared to O2 when in water

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6
Q

how O2 gets into RBC
what are the barriers

A

O2 moves through the barriers through process of diffusion to get to RBC
6 barriers:
interior alveolus–>alveolar membrane–>interstitial space–>wall of capillary–>blood plasma–>RBC membrane

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7
Q

How O2 gets into alveolus

A

convective or bulk flow-driven by a pressure difference caused by the negative pressure in the lungs which causes air to get sucked in

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8
Q

capillary

A

they are 1 micron thick, and diffusion occurs through them bc of the short distance and high conc gradient

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9
Q

what are the 3 cardiovascular system components?

A

pump:heart
pipes: vessels
fluid: blood

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10
Q

insect circulation

A

it is open circulation–>end is open and blood goes out of the tube and percolates through the organs
-they have a dorsal aorta with 5 chambers (varies in diff insects)
-fluid pumped is haemolymph, not blood

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11
Q

piscine circulation(fish)

A

-closed, single loop circulation with 2 chambers (ventricle pumps to drive blood through entire system)
-has gill (oxygenates)+systemic (deoxygenates) capillaries

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12
Q

amphbian/reptilian circulation
What type of blood is returned and where
What gases can it exchange via blood and skin
what kind of sternum does it have

A

-closed, double loop circulation with 3 chambers (only 1 ventricle)
-deoxygenated blood returned to right atrium, them expeled into ventricle
-can exchange O2 + CO2 via blood and skin (pulmocutaneous system)
-has interatrial septum

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13
Q

Avian and Mammalian circulations

A

right heart- pulmonary circulation
left heart-sytemic ciruculation
closed, double loop circulation with 4 chambers
-interventricular septum (cardiac muscle) separates left+right ventricle (no mixing of blood)

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14
Q

what is haemodynamics
what are the forces involved

A

circulation and movement of blood across the body and the forces involved
factors;
volume
flow
pressure
resistance
compliance

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15
Q

haemodynamics volume in the body, what is in 1 unit of blood and what is stroke volume

A

blood volume-5L (75mL/kg, proportional to weight)
1 unit of blood- 450 mL (around 10% of blood volume)
stroke volume- 70mL (range is based on weight)

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16
Q

where is the blood in terms of parts of the body and its percent in each area?

A

pulmonary circulation-12%
heart-9%
arteries- 11% (site for resistance to flow)
arterioles and capillaries- 7%
veins and venules- 61% (capacity for storage)

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17
Q

what is the cardiac and venous output equal to

A

cardiac output and venous return are equal (5,000ml/min)

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18
Q

flow
what is the cardiac output value
What happens when blood moves to the lumen

A

=volume/time
or =area*velocity (or mean velocity if its not the same at all points)
cardiac output=5L/min
-when the blood moves into lumen, an equal amount is ejected out from vessel

19
Q

types of blood vessels that are oxygenated and deoxygenated

A

oxygenated-ALSAC
aorta (comes out of left ventricle)
-large artery
-small artery
-arteriole
-capillaries (they join into venule)
Dexygenated- VVVc
-venule (joins into vein)
-vein
-vena cava (2 of them)
inferior vena cava (goes into right atrium)
superior vena cava (drains upper part of body)

20
Q

resistance vessels

A

only small arteries and arterioles are resistance vessels (not all arteries)

21
Q

number and dimensions of vessels

A

aorta-only 1 (long +thick)
arteries+veins similar amount/size
capillaries- billions, very small and thin
venules-100 million, larger than capillary smaller in thickness than arteriole
vena cava- 2 (thick and long)
RBC has diameter of 7.2 micrometers but is a thin disc so can fold and get through smaller vessels like capillaries (6 micrometer)

22
Q

arterial tree, how is it made?

A

cast- made from evacuating blood from arterial system and replacing blood with substance that will harden, the tissue around is digested

23
Q

cross sectional area and flow velocity, what happens as you go down the arterial tree to the speed and the cross sxn area?

A

as you move down arterial tree, total cross sxn area increases (capillaries have high cross sxn area)
-speed of flow decreases as area increases to maintain sum of 5L/min
-sum of 2 vena cava are is larger than aorta so it has smaller flow

24
Q

4 advantages of branching network

A
  1. any cell is very close to capillary (allows for exchange)
  2. high total area of the walls of capillaries (area of vessel decreses but there are high number of capillaries)
  3. low blood flow velocity in capillaries ( allows time for exchange)
  4. high total cross sxn area (increase in area=resistance is dropped)
25
Q

pressure units/formula

A

=force/area (measured in pascal)
arterial blood pressure measured in mmhg (used for high pressures)
central venous pressure (measured in cm H2O, used for low pressure)

26
Q

pressure with no flow

A

when force on either side is equal there is no flow (hemostatics)
-if you poke a hole in the tube, water will flow out untile there is no more energy left (until reaches atmos. pressure)

27
Q

longitudinal pressure gradient, what does it do
What causes the pressure to fall, what does it produce?

A

-linear fall of pressure down the pathway, fluid will accelerate when force on one side is larger than other (velocity stays the same)
-viscous losses within fluid as friction causes pressure to fall, leading to production of heat

28
Q

pressure down vascular tree

A

-pressure decreases down the vacular tree
-smalll arteries and arterioles experience big drop in pressure to maintain flow as the resistance is high

29
Q

pressure in pulmonary ciruclation left vs right ventricle

A

left ventricle (systemic circulation) is much larger than the right ventricle (pulmonary circulation) to produce more pressure

30
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point in the fluid, due to force of gravity
formula:
=Force/area

31
Q

blood pressure, what is its density proportional to, what is it measured in, what is used to indirectly measure BP?

A

density of blood is proportional to water
-measured in mmhg
-mercury sphygomanometer was used to indirectly measure BP

32
Q

central venous pressure or right atrial pressure
What is used to measure it, and when does fluid pressure fall?
When is equilibrium reached?

A

-superior vena cava is considered the central vein
-in the manometer-fluid pressure falls when height of column pressure is higher than pressure of the heart
-equilibrium is at 7cm H2O

33
Q

perfusion pressure what does it determine, how is it calculated?

A

overall prefusion pressure determines the pressure in the organ
perfusion pressure=inlet pressure-outlet pressure
=aterial pressure-venous pressure (arterioal pressure usually larger so perfusion pressure is approx.=arterial pressure

34
Q

no perfusion pressure

A

when pressure is equal, there is no perfusion (no flow)

35
Q

what is flow set by? what is another way to calculate it with perfusion pressure?

A

set by resistance in the vessel and by perfusion pressure
flow= perfusion pressure/resistance (ml/min)

36
Q

resistance formula

A

=perfusion pressure/flow (min/ml)

37
Q

laminar/parabolic flow, where does blood move faster and what does friction cause

A

-when blood is closer to vessel wall it moves slowly, the blood moves faster near the center of the capillary
-sliding of laminae over one another leads to frictional or viscous losses

38
Q

pressure gradient what causes frictional losses

A

frictional losses in a viscous flow
-generation of heat–>fall of pressure down the vessel

39
Q

poiseuille’s law and resistance factors

A

flow=perfusion pressure/resistance
resistance factors:
1.length
2. area
3.viscoity of fluid (valid for laminar flow)

40
Q

factors controlling vessel resistance part 1

A
  1. local metabolites
    2.innervation–>sympathetic nervous system releases neurotransmitters that effect contraction
    3.hormones
    4.endothelial control
41
Q

factors controlling vessel resistance part 2

A

arteriole+venous smooth muscle contracts (not capillary)
-to increase flow of blood change the resistance of the organ by decreasing resistance (control occurs through vessel radius)

42
Q

vessels/organs in series

A
43
Q

vessels or organs in paralel

A

.

Phgy 210 (24 decks)

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