Cardiovascular Pharmacology Introduction Flashcards
What is blood pressure
Refers to the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels (especially, in the aorta and large arteries )
Blood pressure is needed for what
Needed to push the blood through the arterioles, capillaries and veins to perfume to different tissues
Arterial BP is measured in what
Millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
What are the two arterial BP values
Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure represents what
The peak value, which is achieved during cardiac contraction
Diastolic blood pressure represents what
The nadir value, which is achieved after contraction when the cardiac chambers are filling
What is the effect of a great decrease in BP
What is the effect of increase in blood pressure
What is the hydraulic equation
BP = CO x PVR
What are the main factors affecting blood pressure
Peripheral vascular resistance
Cardiac output
What is peripheral vascular resistance
PVR is affected by what (3 factors)
How does vasoconstriction occur in vascular smooth muscle
Vasodilation can be initiated by what two processes
The vascular endothelium and local vasomotor control by what
What are the endogenous compounds that control vascular tone
What is the effect of nitric oxide
What is the effect of endothelin
What is the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
What are the other factors that control vascular tone
What is cardiac output
Heart rate is controlled by what
What is stroke volume and what it depends on
What is preload
What is after load
What are the other factors affecting BP
Postural baroreflex
Renal response to decreased blood pressure
Baroreflexes are responsible for what
Where are baroreceptirs located and what are they for
Baroreceptors can respond to what
Baroreflex induced changes in blood pressure are mediated by what
The autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves)
What is the key factors in dealing with postural hypotension
Explain the renal response to decreased blood pressure as the factor that effects BP
Renin is released from where
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin release is stimulated by what
Renin acts upon what
Angiotensin converting enzyme also degrades what
What are the several cardiovascular-renal actions of angiotensin II
What does overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to
What is involved in the regulation of arterial BP
Central and autonomic nervous system
Explain the receptors located on the presynaptic surface of sympathetic terminals that regulates arterial BP
Explain the receptors located on the post synaptic surface of sympathetic terminals that regulates arterial BP
