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NPTE > Cardiovascular/Lymphatic > Flashcards

Cardiovascular/Lymphatic Flashcards

0
Q

What is preload?

A

The amount of blood in the LV at the end of diastole.

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1
Q

How many milliliters is the stroke volume usually?

A

55-100ml

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2
Q

What is frank-starling’s law?

A

The greater the preload the greater quantity of blood pumped

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3
Q

What is the normal cardiac output for an adult at rest?

A

4-5 L per minute

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4
Q

What is the ejection fraction EF?

A

The percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole.

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5
Q

What is the normal EF

A

60-70%

The lower the more impaired the ventricle

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6
Q

Cholinergic stimulation is also know as?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation comes from what nerve and releases what substance?

A

CN X vagus. Releases Acetylcholine (slows rate and force of myocardial contraction) & (coronary artery vasoconstriction)

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8
Q

Adrenergic AKA?

A

Sympathetic stimulation

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9
Q

What nerve causes sympathetic stimulation and releases what substance?

A

Cord segments T1-T4, upper thoracic to superior cervical chain. Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (increases rate & for of heart)

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10
Q

Hyperkalemia causes what to your heart?

A
  1. Decreases rate and force of contraction
  2. Widened PR & QRS interval
  3. Flattens P wave
  4. T wave becomes peaked
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11
Q

Hypokalemia causes what to your heart?

A
  1. Flattened T waves
  2. Prolonged PR & QT intervals
  3. Arrhythmias and Vfib
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12
Q

Hypercalcemia causes what to the heart?

A

Increases heart actions

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13
Q

Hypocalcemia causes what to the heart?

A

Depresses heart actions

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14
Q

What are some positive risk factors for MI?

A
  1. Age : >45 male, >55 female
  2. Cigarette smoking
  3. Sedentary lifestyle
  4. Obesity
  5. Hypertension
  6. Dyslipidemia: LDL >130, HDL 200
  7. Prediabetes: IFG >100
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15
Q

Name all locations to examine heart sounds

A
  1. Aortic valve: 2nd R intercostal space at sternal border
  2. Pulmonic valve: 2nd L intercostal space at sternal border
  3. Tricuspid valve: 4th L intercostal space at sternal border
  4. Mitral valve: 5th L intercostal space at midclavical area
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16
Q

P wave signifies what?

A

Atrial depolarization

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17
Q

P-R interval signifies what?

A

Time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to purkinje fibers

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18
Q

QRS signifies what?

A

Ventricular depolarization

19
Q

ST segment signifies what?

A

Beginning of ventricular repolarization

20
Q

T wave signifies what?

A

Ventrical repolarization

21
Q

QT interval signifies what?

A

Time for electrical systole

22
Q

How do you calculate HR using EKG?

A

Count QRS complexes in a 6 second strip and multiply by ten

23
Q

ST segment depression or elevation >? Is considered abnormal

A

> 1mm

24
Q

Hypothermia causes what on ECG?

A

Elevates ST segment, slows rhythm

25
Q

Digitalis does what to ECG?

A

Depresses ST segment
Flattens T wave (or inverts)
QT shortens

26
Q

Quinidine does what to your ECG?

A
  1. QT Lengthens
  2. T wave flattens (or inverts)
  3. QRS lengthens
27
Q

Beta blockers do what to heart? (Propranolol, etc)

A

Decreases HR, Blunts HR response to exercise

28
Q

Nitrates (nitroglycerin) does what to heart?

A

Increases HR

29
Q

Primary hypertension means what?

A

No identifiable cause

30
Q

Secondary hypertension means?

A

Cause can be identified

31
Q

In regards to OHT, a drop of > ? mmHg or standing BP <? Should be reported?

A

Drop of 20mmHg, standing BP of <100mmHg

32
Q

What are signs an symptoms of an MI?

A
  1. Sudden onset
  2. Pain lasts >30 min
  3. May not have precipitating factors
  4. Not relieved my rest/medications
33
Q

What are s/s of angina?

A
  1. Sudden or gradual onset
  2. Precipitated by emotional/physical factors
  3. Hot or cold temperatures
  4. Relieved by rest or medication
34
Q

What is 1+ on dyspnea scale?

A

Mild, noticeable to pt but not to observer

35
Q

What is 2+ on dyspnea scale?

A

Mild, some difficulty, noticeable to observer

36
Q

What is 3+ on dyspnea scale?

A

Moderate difficulty, but pt can continue

37
Q

What is 4+ on dyspnea scale?

A

Severe difficulty, patient cannot continue

38
Q

What is 1+ on Anginal scale?

A

Light, barely noticeable

39
Q

What is 2+ on Anginal scale?

A

Moderate, bothersome

40
Q

What is 3+ on Anginal scale?

A

Severe, very uncomfortable

41
Q

What is 4+ on Anginal scale?

A

Most severe pain ever experienced

42
Q

What is Stemmer’s sign?

A

Dorsal skin folds of toes or fingers resistant to lifting; indicating fibrotic changes and lymphedema

43
Q

If the patient has an ST elevated MI a couple days ago under what circumstances can they be given an exercise test?

A

HR equal to 70% age predicted maximum. (Very little demand on the healing myocardium tissue)

44
Q

What’s the exercise to rest ratio for cardiac rehabilitation inpatient Tx?

A

1:1

45
Q

What’s the exercise to rest ratio when beginning an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation Tx?

A

2: 1
5: 1 can be used towards the end

NPTE (8 decks)

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