Cardiovascular Health

Question 1

The pulmonary system is a ____________ pressure system and the systemic system is a __________ pressure system.

Answer 1

low ; high

Question 2

Damage to the endothelial cells such as plaque buildup ….what will happen to the blood pressure?

Answer 2

It will increase the blood pressure because there is more resistance

Question 3

What prevents vasoconstriction ?

Answer 3

Calcium channel blockers

Question 4

Blood pressure =

Answer 4

cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

Question 5

cardiac output =

Answer 5

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 6

heart rate is the

Answer 6

frequency with which blood is ejected from the heart

Question 7

Stroke volume consists of

Answer 7

preload and afterload

Question 8

What is preload?

Answer 8

The volume of blood at the end of diastole

Question 9

What is afterload?

Answer 9

(Resistance) The amount of pressure the heart must develop during the period of isovolumetric contract to overcome the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 10

What happens to the blood pressure if you decrease preload?

Answer 10

If you decrease preload, you are decreasing afterload, thereby decreasing blood pressure

Question 11

Mechanisms of BP regulation

Answer 11

autonomic nervous system
- short term regulation
RAAS (Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
- longer term regulation
Kidneys - control blood volume as well as the RAAS
- a long term mechanism of blood pressure control

Question 12

If baroceptors are not responsive what is a potential complication ?

Answer 12

orthostatic hypertension

Question 13

What is hemodynamics ?

Answer 13

The dynamics of blood flow

Question 14

Factors governing the function of the Cardiovascular system

Answer 14

Volume
Pressure
Resistance
Flow

Question 15

What are factors that determine resistance to blood flow ?

Answer 15

Blood viscosity, vessel radius and whether the vessels are aligned with each other in a series or parallel

Question 16

How do arteries help control blood flow ?

Answer 16

They have a middle layer of smooth muscle that is connected to alpha receptors of the Sympathetic nervous system to regulate diameter. The diameter of the arteries can alter blood pressure

Question 17

What organs require a large, continuous flow of blood?

Answer 17

The brain, the heart, the liver and the kidneys

The skin and skeletal muscle require varying flows dependent on exertion and needs

Question 18

What vessels are very significant in determining systemic vascular resistance ?

Answer 18

Arterioles - they are the major resistance vessels for the circulatory system

Question 19

Are veins a low pressure system or higher pressure ?

Answer 19

They are a very low pressure system -

Pressure in venules is ~10mm Hg and in the vena cava ~0 mmHg

Question 20

How many cells thick are capillaries ?

Answer 20

A single endothelial cell

Question 21

Calcium channel blockers within the smooth muscle of vessels prevent ______________

Answer 21

vasoconstriction

Question 22

Tissue _____________ to a given organ is regulated on minute-to-minute basis in relation to ______________________.

Answer 22

blood flow; Tissue needs

Question 23

Neural mechanisms regulate _____________ and ______________________ (BP) to support local mechanisms

Answer 23

Cardiac output; systemic vascular resistance

Question 24

What are the role of factors in blood flow ?

Answer 24

Factors are released from an organ or the endothelium that acts on the smooth muscle to produce a vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Question 25

Vasodilating substances

Answer 25

Nitric Oxide

Question 26

Vasoconstricting Substances

Answer 26

Angiotensin II, Prostaglandins, Endothelins

Question 27

An increase in preload increase _______________

Answer 27

Cardiac Output

Question 28

Afterload

Answer 28

the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood It is increased in hypertension and vasoconstriction

Question 29

Increased afterload =

Answer 29

increased cardiac workload

Question 30

What are the primary actions of the angiotensin II polypeptide?

Answer 30

It stimulates vasoconstriction | and the release of aldosterone, both actions which raise the blood pressure

Question 31

What does renin do ? | What causes the release of renin ?

Answer 31

Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1. Renin is released from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to decline in blood pressure, blood volume, plasma sodium content or reduced renal perfusion pressure.

Question 32

Factors that lower blood pressure turn the RAAS ____________ . Factors that lower blood pressure turn the RAAS ___________.

Answer 32

on; off

Question 33

RAAS is a major factor in maintaining _______________ blood pressure in the presence of hemorrhage, dehydration or sodium depletion.

Answer 33

Blood pressure - True

Question 34

Hypertensive urgency occurs when

Answer 34

systolic pressure is greater than 180 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure is greater than 120 mmHg

Question 35

Hypertensive emergency occurs when

Answer 35

systolic pressure is greater than 180 mm Hg with target organ damage and/or diastolic pressure is greater than 120 mm Hg with target organ damage

Question 36

Modifiable risk factors for hypertension

Answer 36

stress, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, diabetes, inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, obesity, high sodium intake, low potassium, increased cholesterol levels.

Question 37

Lifestyle modifications to combat hypertension

Answer 37

DASH diet, reduce sodium intake, consistent physical activity, reduce and keep a healthy weight, moderation of alcohol consumption