Cardiovascular (Exam 2) Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
Go back re-visit and spend time reviewing
Afterload
the amount of pressure the heart needs to overcome to pump blood out of the ventricles during systole, or contraction
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped out by the heart
Ejection fraction
The percentage of the blood that is pumped out of a filled ventricle with each heartbeat
Myocardial Contractility
the heart muscle’s ability to contract, or the force and velocity of a cardiac contraction. It’s the maximum force a heart can contract with, and it’s independent of changes in preload or afterload.
Pulmonary Embolsim
a blockage in a lung artery caused by a blood clot that travels from a vein to the lungs.
Pulses Alternanas
a rare condition that causes the arterial pulse to alternate between strong and weak beats, even when the heart rate is regular.
Stroke Volume
How much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle
EDV-ESV
Perfusion
The passage of fluid and O2 throughout the system
Need good tissue perfusion for O2 to get to cells.
Lack of Perfusion to Brain S/S
-Dizziness
-Pass out
-Confusion
Cardiac Output Equation
Stroke Volume X HR
Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one min
mL/min
Every time the left ventricle pumps blood out into the body it is called
SV
How to measure cardiac output as a student nurse
Blood Pressure / Vital Signs
Indirect measure of CO
Alterations in Cardiac Output
-HR
-SV
-Myocardial Contractility (How hard is contracts)
Low stroke volume does what to HR
Increase HR to maintain cardiac output
Examples of things that alter CO
-Medications
-Disease processes
-Activities
Ejection Fraction
-The % of blood pumped out of L ventricle with each contraction
-Normal > 50%
-Less than 40% = Heart Failure
Blood Pressure
-It has to be adequate to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest
-Normal 120/80 (have to know patients normal BP) (Put them in context)
Pulse Pressure
-It is a number
-Difference between systolic and diastolic BP
-Normal = 1/3 of SBP
High Pulse Pressure
-Atherosclerosis (Hardening Artery) (Older people)
-Exercise
Low Pulse Pressure
-Severe Heart Failure
-Hypovolemia
Pulsus Alternans
-Regular rhythm but strength of pulse varies with each beat
-Someone with Heart Failure
Cardiac Emergency / Arrest: CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
C-A-B
Compressions Airway Breathing (Go back and revisit)
Cardiac Arrest During Clinical. What do you do?
