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Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of anti platelet drugs

A

Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
Prasugrel

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2
Q

What are anti-platelets used to treat?

A

MI

Unstable angina

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3
Q

What are the potential side effects of anti-platelets?

A

Bronchospasm
GI irritation
GI haemorrhage

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4
Q

What is the target effect of anti-platelets?

A

Reduce platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis

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5
Q

Examples of B blockers

A

Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Metoprolol
Propranolol

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6
Q

What are B blockers used to treat?

A 
Heart failure
MI
Hypertension
Angina
Arrhythmia
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7
Q

What is the target effect of B blockers?

A

Lower CO and reduces the force of cardiac contraction

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8
Q

What is the basic mechanism of B blockers?

A

blocks B-adrenoreceptors

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9
Q

What are the adverse effects of B blockers?

A 
provocation of asthma 
conductance block 
heart failure 
fatigue 
cold hands
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10
Q

Examples of calcium channel blockers

A

amiodipine
nifedipine
verapamil

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11
Q

What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension

Angina

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12
Q

What is the target effect of calcium channel blockers?

A

vasodilatation

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13
Q

What is the basic mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?

A

They block L type calcium channels preventing Ca entry, there is smooth muscle relaxation and so vasodilatation (reduced TPR so lower BP)

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14
Q

What are the potential side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

Dizziness
hypotension
flushing
ankle oedema

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15
Q

Examples of ACE inhibitors

A

lisinopril
ramipril
enalapril

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16
Q

What are ACE inhibitors used to treat?

A

hypertension

heart failure

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17
Q

Physiological effect of ACE inhibitors

A

Vasodilatation

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18
Q

What is the basic mechanism of ACE inhibitors?

A

They reduce the synthesis of angiotension II which is a potent vasoconstrictor

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19
Q

What are the potential side effects ACE inhibitors?

A 
DRY COUGH
proteinuria
neutropenia
hyperkalaemia
renal failure
angioedema
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20
Q

Examples of A1 antagonists

A

Proxosin

Doxazosin

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21
Q

What are A1 antagonists used to treat?

A

resistant hypertension

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22
Q

Physiological effect of A1 antagonists

A

vasodilatition

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23
Q

What is the basic mechanism of A1 antagonists?

A

they block the vascular A1 receptors

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24
Q

What are the potential side effects of A1 antagonists?

A

postural hypotension

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25
Q

What is the basic mechanism of anti-platelets?

A

they convert plasminogen to plasmin, dissolving thrombi

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26
Q

Examples of thiazide diuretics

A

bendroflumethiazide

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27
Q

What are thiazide diuretics used to treat?

A

heart failure

hypertension

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28
Q

Physiological effect of thiazide diuretics

A

initially decrease blood volume and therefore reduce CO

Once CO is normal the TPR remains reduced

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29
Q

What is the basic mechanism of thiazide diuretics?

A

act on the distal tubule to stop NO being reabsorbed
Cause increased excretion of Na and Cl
lowers blood volume

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30
Q

What are the potential side effects of thiazide diuretics?

A 
Hypokalaemia
hyperuricaemia
impotence 
weakness
gout
skin rashes
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31
Q

Examples of loop diuretics

A

Furosemide

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32
Q

What are loop diuretics used to treat?

A

Severe heart failure

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33
Q

Physiological effects of loop diuretics

A

Decrease the extent of pulmonary and peripheral oedema

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34
Q

What is the basic mechanism of loop diuretics?

A

inhibit sodium absorption in the ascending loop of henle

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35
Q

What are the potential side effects of loop diuretics?

A 
hyponatraemia
hypotension
hypokalaemia
hypovolaemia
deafness
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36
Q

Examples of potassium sparing diuretics

A

Spironolactone

37
Q

What are potassium sparing diuretics used to treat?

A

severe heart failure

liver disease with ascites

38
Q

Physiological effects of potassium sparing diuretics

A

decreases oedema

decreases ascites

39
Q

What is the basic mechanism of potassium sparing diuretics?

A

competitively block the binding of aldosterone
increase sodium excretion
decrease potassium excretion

40
Q

What are the potential side effects of potassium sparing diuretics?

A 
GI disturbance
Hepatotoxicity
confusion 
malaise
dizziness
41
Q

Examples of HMG-CoA Reductase-i

A

atrovastatin
simvastatin
provaststin

42
Q

What are statins used to treat?

A

hyperlipidaemia

43
Q

Physiological effect of statins

A

lower total and LDL cholesterol

44
Q

What is the basic mechanism of statins

A

block the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver
hepatocytes express more LDL receptors
incomplete compensatory mechanism
increased clearance of cholesterol

45
Q

What are the potential side effects of statins

46
Q

Examples of vitamin K antagonists

47
Q

What are vitamin K antagonists used to treat?

A

venous throbosis and embolism

48
Q

Physiological effect of vitamin K statins

A

anticoagulation

49
Q

What is the basic mechanism of vitamin K antagonists?

A

blocks vitamin K dependent carboxylation

meaning modified clotting factors V, VII, IX, X cannot bind to calcium

50
Q

What are the potential side effects of vitamin K antagonists?

A

haemorrhage

51
Q

Examples of glycosaminoglycans

A

heparin

LMWH

52
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans used to treat?

A

venous thrombosis embolism

53
Q

Physiological effect of target organ

A

anticoagulation

54
Q

What is the basic mechanism of glycosaminoglycans?

A

heparin - increases complex formation between antithrombin III and thrombin which causes thrombin to be inactive
Factor Xa is inhibited

55
Q

What are the potential side effects of glycosaminoglycans?

A

haemorrhage

56
Q

Examples of fibrinolytic drugs

A

Streptokinase

Alteplase

57
Q

What are fbrinolytic drugs used to treat?

58
Q

Physiological effect of fibrinolytic drugs

A

thrombolysis

59
Q

What is the basic mechanism of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

they activate plasminogen to plasmin which dissolves the thrombi

60
Q

What the potential side effects of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

bleeding
nausea
vomiting
allergic reactions

61
Q

Examples of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs

A

procainamide

disopyramide

62
Q

What are class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?

A

ventricular arrhythmias

63
Q

Physiological effect of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs

A

slow phase 0 and increase the refractory period

64
Q

What is the basic mechanism of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs?

A

they block the open voltage dependent sodium channels

65
Q

What are the potential side effects of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs?

A

Hypotension
nausea
vomiting

66
Q

Examples of class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs

67
Q

What are class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?

A

Ventricular arrythmias

68
Q

What is the basic mechanism of class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs?

A

blocks inactivated sodium channels in ischemic areas

69
Q

What are the potential side effects of class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs?

A

dixiness
feeling inebriated / light headed
drowsiness
blurred vision

70
Q

Examples of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs

A

Flecainide

71
Q

Physiological effect of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs

A

slow phase 0 and increase the refractory period

72
Q

What are class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?

A

Atrial fibrillation

73
Q

What is the basic mechanism of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs?

A

dissociates form Na channels slowly depressing conduction

74
Q

Potential side effects of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs

A

hypotension

75
Q

Examples of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs

A

amiodarone

76
Q

What are class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?

A

supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias

77
Q

Physiological effect of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs

A

slow repolarisation which prolongs the action potential and the refractory period

78
Q

What is the basic mechanism of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs?

A

They block any channels

79
Q

What are the potential side effects of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs?

A

photosensitivity
neuropathy
thyroid disorders
pulmonary alveolitis

80
Q

Examples of glycosides

81
Q

What are glycosides used to treat?

A

AF
atrial flutters
severe heart failure

82
Q

Physiological effects of glycosides

A

increase force of cardiac contraction

83
Q

What is the basic mechanism of glycosides?

A

increasing intracellular calcium

increasing the force of myocardial contraction

84
Q

What are the potential side effects of glycosides?

A

heart block
VT
VF

85
Q

Examples of nitrates

A

GTN
isosorbide
dinitrate

86
Q

What are nitrates used to treat?

87
Q

Physiological effect of nitrates

A

vasodilatation

88
Q

What is the basic mechanism of nitrates

A

nitrate is converted to nitric oxide
NO activates the cGMP
cGMP activates the PKG
which causes smooth muscle relaxation

89
Q

What are the potential side effects of nitrates?

A

Headache
hypotension
syncope
tolerance

Cardio (36 decks)

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