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Cardio > Anatomy of Cardio > Flashcards

Anatomy of Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the valve which separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

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2
Q

What is the valve which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

A

bicuspid valve

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3
Q

What is an atrioventricular valve?

A

a valve which prevents blood flow from the ventricles back into the atria
they open in early diastole when ventricular pressure is less than atrial
close once ventricular systole begins

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4
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

in the beginning of the aorta

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5
Q

where are the pulmonary valves?

A

in the pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

What causes the AV valves to close?

A

The valve cusps are attached to the papillary muscles by chordae tendineae
when the ventricle contracts then the chords are pull the cusps towards the ventricle closing it and preventing backflow

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7
Q

What is the structure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

A

3 half moon shaped pocket like cups - the free inner borders meet in the centre of the artery when the valve closes and causes a tight seal

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8
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

a strong central framework of fibrous annuli (rings) which surround the heart valves giving attachment to the valve cusps and muscle fibres of the heart chambers

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue in the heart wall?

A

epicardium - smooth outer surface of simple squamous cells
myocardium - thick layer of cardiac muscle
endocardium - simple squamous epithelium which overlie connective tissue and ease blood flow through the heart

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10
Q

What are the properties of veins?

A

transport blood from tissues to the heart
thin walls and easily distensible, they are a major reservoir for blood
valves maintain the unidirectionality of blood flow

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11
Q

What are the properties of the arteries?

A

transport blood under high pressure from the heart to the tissues
larger arteries have elastic walls to recoil and help propel blood
smaller arteries and arterioles are more muscular and are responsible for peripheral resistance

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12
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

a passive draining system which returns the excess interstitial fluid to the vascular system

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13
Q

where is the heart in relation to surface anatomy?

A

Deep to the sternum
The apex is in the 5th intercostal space just medial to the midclavicular line
The right heart border bulges slightly laterally to the sternal border
The left border curves from the apex upwards and medially to the sternal end of 2nd left intercostal space (below the 2nd rib).
The angle of Louis is a palpable structure - this it where the 2nd rib is

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14
Q

Where does the coronary sulcus run?

A

Between the atrium and the ventricle on each side

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15
Q

What structures make up the hilum?

A

Visible: pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and the main bronchus
Not visible: pulmonary lymphatic vessels & bronchopulmonary lymph nodes and pulmonary visceral afferents & autonomic motor nerves

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16
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve in relation to the root of the lung?

A

Anterior

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17
Q

Where is the vagus nerve in relation to the root of the lung?

A

Posterior

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18
Q

Where are the phrenic nerves in relation to the pericardium?

A

they are descending on the lateral heart borders

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A

The outermost layer is the fibrous pericardium, the middle layer is the parietal serous pericardium (attached to the fibrous pericardium) and the epicardium or visceral serous pericardium which lines the outside of the heart

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20
Q

What is the function of the epicardium?

A

It secretes pericardial fluid lubricant stopping the heart from rubbing against the fibrous layer of the pericardium

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21
Q

What is haemopericardium?

A

When the pericardial cavity fills up with blood

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22
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

When the pericardial cavity fills up with fluid and the pressure in the pericardium prevents the heart from contracting

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23
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A

The procedure to drain the fluid from the pericardium when the patient is suffering from cardiac tamponade

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24
Q

How is pericardiocentesis carried out?

A

A needle is inserted via the infrasternal angle and is directed superoposteriorly and is constantly aspirated until the abnormal fluid is removed

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25
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

The space posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk but anterior to the vena cava

26
Q

What do surgeons use for the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

To identify and isolate the great vessels and to begin cardiopulmonary bypass for open heart surgery

27
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart?

A
  • anterior sternocostal surface
  • base posterior surface
  • inferior diaphragmatic surface
28
Q

What are the clinically relevant borders of the heart?

A
  • right lateral border
  • left lateral border
  • inferior border
  • superior border
29
Q

What is the coronary groove?

A

the groove on the surface of the heart which the right coronary artery flows through, this is the surface marking of the tricuspid valve and the boundary between right atrium and right ventricle

30
Q

What is the anterior interventricular groove?

A

the groove containing the left coronary artery which also indicates the boundary between the ventricles

31
Q

What is the posterior inter ventricular groove?

A

the groove on the posterior surface of the heart that a branch of the right coronary artery flows through, indicates the boundary between the ventricles on the diaphragmatic surface

32
Q

What is the first branch of the ascending aorta?

A

the coronary arteries

33
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

The venous conduit which sits in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly, it receives the deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac vein and drains into the right atrium

34
Q

What is the septum of the heart?

A

The wall which divides the heart into the left and the right, it has 2 parts the interatrial septum (indicated by the interatrial groove) and the inter ventricular septum (indicated by the anterior interventricular groove)

35
Q

What is a septal defect?

A

A hole in the septal wall it can occur between the atria or the ventricles and allows the mixing of the atrial and ventricular blood resulting in a lower oxygen content on the arterial circulation and so causes hypoxaemia

36
Q

What are the features of the internal walls of the right atrium?

A

the oval fossa which indicates where the flap closed over at birth
the muscular bands of the auricle
the crista terminalis
the entrance of the coronary sinus

37
Q

What are the names of the 3 cusps in the tricuspid valve?

A

The anterior, posterior and septal cusps

38
Q

What are structures of the cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valve?

A

Leaflet structures

39
Q

In the atrioventricular valves what is the structure?

A

the leaflet cusps are attached to the papillary muscles (cardiac muscles attached to the heart walls) by tendinous cords

40
Q

Pulmonary valve has …., …. & …. cusps

A

anterior, right and left cusps

41
Q

The aortic valve has ….., ….. & ….. cusps

A

right, left and posterior cusps with sinuses - holes in the cusps

42
Q

What does the moderator band or septomarginal trabecula do?

A

It carries the nervous impulse from the right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp of the tricuspid valve, this causes it to close at the same time as the posterior and septal cusps as these are closer and so would receive the impulse sooner if the shortcut didn’t exist

43
Q

What are the features of the interior of the left atrium?

A
  • remain of the foramen ovale may be present
  • the left auricle
  • bilateral openings of the superior and inferior pulmonary veins
44
Q

Where do you auscultate for the aortic valve?

A

the 2nd ICS right sternal edge

45
Q

Where do you auscultate for the pulmonary valve?

A

the 2nd ICS left sternal edge

46
Q

Where do you auscultate for the tricuspid valve?

A

4th ICS left sternal edge

47
Q

Where do you auscultate for the mitral valve?

A

5th left ICS midclavicular line

48
Q

What valves are responsible for the first heart sound ‘lub’?

A

The tricuspid and mitral valve

49
Q

What valves are responsible for the 2nd heart sound ‘dub’?

A

the semilunar valves

50
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum?

A

The throacic inlet from the jugular notch and along rib 1 to the sternal angle

51
Q

What does the anterior mediastinum hold in children?

A

The thymus gland which regresses in puberty and becomes fatty

52
Q

What structure is deep to the sternal angle?

A

the bifurcation of the trachea

53
Q

What are the first 4 branches of the aorta in order from the heart?

A
  1. coronary arteries
  2. brachiocephalic trunk
  3. left common carotid arterties
  4. left subclavian artery
54
Q

What are the branches off the thoracic aorta’s anterior surface?

A 
bronchial arteries                     
(arterial blood for the lung tissue)
oesophageal arteries
mediastinal arteries
pericardial arteries
phrenic arteries                                (for the diaphragm)
55
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

found between the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. It is the remenant of the foetal ductus arteriosus

56
Q

The structures in the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

A 
brachiocephalic veins & SVC
arch of aorta & the origin of its 3 branches
trachea
oesophagus
thoracic duct
azygous vein
57
Q

Order of the nerves in the mediastinum from lateral to medial

A

phrenic nerves
vagus nerves
recurrent laryngeal nerves

58
Q

Where is the right venous angle?

A

between the right subclavian and right internal jugular vein

59
Q

Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve given off the vagus nerve?

A

hooking under the arch of the aorta

60
Q

Where is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve given off the vagus nerve?

A

hooks under the right subclavian artery - much higher than the left

61
Q

Where can the diaphragm refer pain to?

A

The shoulder tip

Cardio (36 decks)

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