Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes

Question 1

Veins vs Arteries?

Answer 1

Arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from heart to body

Veins carry low oxygen blood back to the heart for re oxygenation

Question 2

Two types of major heart disease

Answer 2

Atherosclerosis (reversible, build up of fatty deposits)

Arteriosclerosis (irreversible, build up of calcium)

Question 3

Four steps of atherosclerosis

Answer 3

1. Lesion in the artery wall
2. Plaque builds up in the lesion
3. Macrophages try to help, but instead explode and forms foam cells = worse
4. Smooth muscle migrates to cover it up

Question 4

Heart attack symptoms (6)

Answer 4

Chest discomfort
Discomfort in other areas of body (neck, jaw, shoulder, arms, back)
Shortness of breath
Sweating
Nausea
Light-headedness

Question 5

2 types of stroke (which is more common?)

Answer 5

Ischemic: Blockage disrupts blow flow to brain
Hemorrhagic: Blood vessel in the brain ruptures

80% of stroke are ischemic

Question 6

Symptoms of stroke (FAST)

Answer 6

Face dropping?
Arms can you raise both?
Speech slurred?
Time to call 9-1-1

Question 7

LDL VS HDL

Answer 7

High blood cholesterol is risk factor of CVD
Lipoproteins carry cholesterol

Low density lipoprotein: BAD; can move from blood to vessel walls, increases CVD risk
High density lipoprotein: GOOD; promotes re-absorption of cholesterol and lowers CVD risk

Question 8

Hypertension

Answer 8

Blood pressure in the artery is consistently elevated, straining the heart and blood vessels.
Can cause lesions, promoting atherosclerosis

Question 9

Treatment of CVD

Answer 9

Coronary artery bypass: Replacing blocked/narrow arteries with healthy segments of other vessels

Angioplasty: Widening an artery by using a balloon

Question 10

What is diabetes? Type 1? Type 2?

Answer 10

Body doesn’t produce or respond properly to insulin

Question 11

Diabetes treatment

Answer 11

No cure; must keep blood sugar levels stable

Type 1: Insulin injection
Type 2: Lifestyle modification. Lose weight, improve diet, etc.

Question 12

Diabetes risk factors

Answer 12

Obesity
Ethnicity
Physical inactivity 
Family history
Case of gestational diabetes (pregnancy)

Question 13

CVD risk factors (controllable, uncontrollable)

Answer 13

Uncontrollable: Age, Sex, Heredity, Ethnicity

Controllable: Smoking, lack of exercise, unhealthy eating, high cholesterol, hypertension, high sodium intake, stress, diabetes, obesity