Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
What is Congestive Heart Failure
When the heart is unable to pump forcefully or fast enough to empty its chambers
What is left sided heart failure
Left chambers of heart fails to pump blood properly
Causes congestion in lungs, pulmonary veins and pulmonary capillaries
SS of left sided heart failure
Altered LOC
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Chest Pain
Anxiety
Tachycardia
Cyanosis
Diaphoresis
JVD
Pink, Frothy Sputum
Crackles
RUQ pain (liver)
Ascites
Management for LSHF
Monitor Vitals
SPO2
Cardiac monitoring
High flow O2
Transport
What is right sided heart failure
Ineffective right ventricular pumping causing decreased cardiac output
Blood backs up in right atrium and peripheral circulation
Disrupts excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, leading to weight gain
SS of RSHF
Weakness
Anxiety
Tachycardia
Chest Pain
Cool, pale skin
Lower extremity Edema
Liver swelling
JVD
Fatigue (due to decrease oxygenation)
Management of RSHF
Monitor Vitals
SPO2
Cardiac monitoring
12 Lead ECG
What is Hypertension?
High Blood Pressure (over 140/90)
Most common cause is advanced atherosclerosis / arteriosclerosis
SS of Hypertension
Headaches
Dizziness
Weakness
Epistaxis (nose bleed)
Blurring vision
What % of hypertension emergencies occur in hypertensive patients?
1%
Hypertensive emergency: acute elevation of BP resulting in organ damage.
What is Angina Pectoris?
Myocardial Ischemia
Chest pain caused by lack of O2 to the myocardium.
Can be caused by a narrowing or blockage to one or more arteries in the heart.
SS of angina pectoris
Chest tightness
Radiating chest pain to left arm, jaw, neck
Chest pain that lasts 3-5 minutes and disappears at rest
Dyspnea
Management of Angina Pectoris
SPO2
Cardiac monitoring
12 Lead ECG
Nitro if applicable
What is a Pericardial Tamponade
Fluid (or rarely air) builds up between the myocardium (heart muscle) and pericardium (outer sac covering the heart).
This compresses the heart, leading to restricted diastolic flow, causing lower cardiac output
Restricts ventricles from full expansion, leading to ineffective filling and pumping
SS of pericardial tamponade
Becks triad:
-Muffled Hearts tones
-Narrowing pulse pressure
-JVD
PEA
Hypotension
Signs of shock
What is a myocardial Infarction
Also know as MI, when the heart is damaged from lack of oxygen
what are the 3 stages of an MI?
1: Ischemia (cell damage)
2: Injury (cell damage)
3: Infarct (cell death)
What is an Arrhythmia / Dysrhythmia?
An abnormal heart rhythm stemming from the electrical system of the heart muscles
What are the SA Node arrhythmias? (4)
-Sick Sinus Rhythm
-Sinus Bradycardia
-Sinus Tachycardia
-Sinus Arrest
What are the Atrial arrhythimas? (5)
-Premature atrial complex (PAC)
-Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
-Atrial Tachycardia
-Atrial Flutter
-Atrial Fibrillation
What are the conduction arrhythmias (5)
-Bundle Branch Blocks (R or L)
-First degree AV block
-Second Degree AV block type 1
-Second degree AV block type 2
-Third degree AV block
What are the AV node and tissue arrhythmias (3)
-Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)
-Junction Rhythm
-Junctional Tachycardia
What are the Ventricular Arrhythmias (6)
-Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC)
-Ventricular Tachycardia
-Ventricular Fibrillation
-PEA
-Asystole
-Idioventricular Rhythm
What Rhythms are shockable?
VFIB and Pulseless VTACH
What rhythms are unshockable?
Asystole and PEA
