Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

What is Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 1

When the heart is unable to pump forcefully or fast enough to empty its chambers

Question 2

What is left sided heart failure

Answer 2

Left chambers of heart fails to pump blood properly

Causes congestion in lungs, pulmonary veins and pulmonary capillaries

Question 3

SS of left sided heart failure

Answer 3

Altered LOC
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Chest Pain
Anxiety
Tachycardia
Cyanosis
Diaphoresis

JVD
Pink, Frothy Sputum
Crackles
RUQ pain (liver)
Ascites

Question 4

Management for LSHF

Answer 4

Monitor Vitals
SPO2
Cardiac monitoring
High flow O2
Transport

Question 5

What is right sided heart failure

Answer 5

Ineffective right ventricular pumping causing decreased cardiac output

Blood backs up in right atrium and peripheral circulation

Disrupts excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, leading to weight gain

Question 6

SS of RSHF

Answer 6

Weakness
Anxiety
Tachycardia
Chest Pain
Cool, pale skin

Lower extremity Edema
Liver swelling
JVD
Fatigue (due to decrease oxygenation)

Question 7

Management of RSHF

Answer 7

Monitor Vitals
SPO2
Cardiac monitoring
12 Lead ECG

Question 8

What is Hypertension?

Answer 8

High Blood Pressure (over 140/90)

Most common cause is advanced atherosclerosis / arteriosclerosis

Question 9

SS of Hypertension

Answer 9

Headaches
Dizziness
Weakness
Epistaxis (nose bleed)
Blurring vision

Question 10

What % of hypertension emergencies occur in hypertensive patients?

Answer 10

1%

Hypertensive emergency: acute elevation of BP resulting in organ damage.

Question 11

What is Angina Pectoris?

Answer 11

Myocardial Ischemia

Chest pain caused by lack of O2 to the myocardium.

Can be caused by a narrowing or blockage to one or more arteries in the heart.

Question 12

SS of angina pectoris

Answer 12

Chest tightness
Radiating chest pain to left arm, jaw, neck
Chest pain that lasts 3-5 minutes and disappears at rest
Dyspnea

Question 13

Management of Angina Pectoris

Answer 13

SPO2
Cardiac monitoring
12 Lead ECG
Nitro if applicable

Question 14

What is a Pericardial Tamponade

Answer 14

Fluid (or rarely air) builds up between the myocardium (heart muscle) and pericardium (outer sac covering the heart).

This compresses the heart, leading to restricted diastolic flow, causing lower cardiac output

Restricts ventricles from full expansion, leading to ineffective filling and pumping

Question 15

SS of pericardial tamponade

Answer 15

Becks triad:
-Muffled Hearts tones
-Narrowing pulse pressure
-JVD

PEA
Hypotension
Signs of shock

Question 16

What is a myocardial Infarction

Answer 16

Also know as MI, when the heart is damaged from lack of oxygen

Question 17

what are the 3 stages of an MI?

Answer 17

1: Ischemia (cell damage)
2: Injury (cell damage)
3: Infarct (cell death)

Question 18

What is an Arrhythmia / Dysrhythmia?

Answer 18

An abnormal heart rhythm stemming from the electrical system of the heart muscles

Question 19

What are the SA Node arrhythmias? (4)

Answer 19

-Sick Sinus Rhythm
-Sinus Bradycardia
-Sinus Tachycardia
-Sinus Arrest

Question 20

What are the Atrial arrhythimas? (5)

Answer 20

-Premature atrial complex (PAC)
-Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
-Atrial Tachycardia
-Atrial Flutter
-Atrial Fibrillation

Question 21

What are the conduction arrhythmias (5)

Answer 21

-Bundle Branch Blocks (R or L)
-First degree AV block
-Second Degree AV block type 1
-Second degree AV block type 2
-Third degree AV block

Question 22

What are the AV node and tissue arrhythmias (3)

Answer 22

-Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)
-Junction Rhythm
-Junctional Tachycardia

Question 23

What are the Ventricular Arrhythmias (6)

Answer 23

-Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC)
-Ventricular Tachycardia
-Ventricular Fibrillation
-PEA
-Asystole
-Idioventricular Rhythm

Question 24

What Rhythms are shockable?

Answer 24

VFIB and Pulseless VTACH

Question 25

What rhythms are unshockable?

Answer 25

Asystole and PEA