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PE > Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output?

A

SV x HR = Q

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2
Q

At submaximal levels HR will … when a steady state is reached and O2 demand is met.

A

Plateau

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3
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Having a heart rate of <60bpm

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4
Q

What is the resting stroke volume for a trained heart?

A

90-110ml

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5
Q

‘Relaxation of the atria and ventricles’, is the definition of what?

A

Diastole

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6
Q

What is the average resting stroke volume?

A

72ml

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7
Q

Explain what happens to your heart rate after exercise

A
  • There is an initial rapid drop due to less O2 demand
  • Gradual decrease to repay oxygen debt
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8
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction of the heart.

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9
Q

What is the average resting heart rate?

A

72bpm

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10
Q

… is the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

A

Venous return

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11
Q

‘The contraction of the heart, pushing blood out and into the large blood vessels of the cardiovascular system?’, is the definition of what?

A

Systole

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12
Q

Define Starling’s Law

A

A decrease in Venous Return = A decrease in stroke volume, which = a decrease in Q
AND
An increase in Venous Return = An increase in stroke volume, which = an increase in Q

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13
Q

What is the resting stroke volume for an untrained heart?

A

60-90ml

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14
Q

What is an ejection fraction?

A

An ejection fraction of X% means that there is X% of blood remaining in the heart after a contraction.

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15
Q

What happens to heart rate during steady state exercise?

A

It Plateaus

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16
Q

Describe the changes in heart rate experienced after exercising.

A

Initial steep drop due to less oxygen demand
Followed by a gradual decrease to repay the oxygen debt.

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17
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

A motor neuron and muscle fibers

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18
Q

Put the following in order:
AV Node,Purkinje fibers, SA Node, Bundle of HIS

A

SA,AV,Bundle Of HIS, Purkinje Fibers

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19
Q

What sends a wave of polarisation to the AV node?

A

SA node

20
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms assisting venous return?

A

Gravity, Pocket Valves, Smooth Muscle, Respiratory Pump, Skeletal Muscle pump

21
Q

At rest, how much blood is distributed to the muscles?

A

15-20%

22
Q

What do chemoreceptors control?

A

Blood chemistry (PH levels, CO2, Lactic acid)

23
Q
A
24
Q

During exercise, how much blood is distributed to the muscles?

A

80%

25
Q

What does VCC stand for and where is it located?

A

Vasomotor Control Centre
Medulla Oblongata

26
Q

What are the breathing rates of a trained and untrained athlete?

A

Trained: 11/12
Untrained: 12-15

27
Q

What do baroreceptors control?

A

Blood Pressure, Temperature

28
Q

What do proprioceptors control?

A

Detect movements in joints and muscles, leading to an increased O2 demand.

29
Q

During Exercise, working muscles undergo vaso…

A

dilation

30
Q

During rest, other organs undergo vaso…

A

dilation

31
Q

What circular muscles constrict to cause the vascular shunt mechanism?

A

pre-capillary sphincters

32
Q

What does the following describe:

Veins run through skeletal muscles, when muscles contract, more blood is pumped through the veins and venous return is increased.

A

A skeletal Muscle Pump

33
Q

Explain the function of the respiratory Pump

A

Respiratory Muscles contract, this increases pressure and squeeze blood back to the heart.

34
Q

How does gravity impact venous return?

A

Blood from superior vena cava (upper body), will fall back to heart with support of gravity.

Same process applied to lower body if body inverted

35
Q

What mechanism helps venous return by pulsing and hence increasing blood pressure?

A

Smooth Muscle

36
Q

Two ways oxygen can be transported

A

Through Haemoglobin
Through Plasma

36
Q

3 ways CO2 can be transported

A

Plasma
Water
Haemoglobin

37
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

The movement of gases across a membrane

38
Q

The pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases is referred to as…

A

Partial pressure

39
Q

Gases always move from… areas of PP to … areas of PP

A

High to Low

40
Q

Where is PP02 high and low?

A

High in Alveoli
Low in Muscles

41
Q

Where is PPCO2 high and low?

A

Low in Alveoli
High in Muscles

42
Q

Explain how the diffusion gradient changes in exercise?

A

More CO2 in muscles
Less 02 IN muscles
Concentration Gradient increases

43
Q

What is the BOHR effect?

A

Shift of Dissociation curve to the right.

44
Q

What is dissociation?

A

The detachment of Hb from O2 when oxygen is provided to muscle tissues

PE (7 decks)

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