Cardiovascular Anatomy COPY

Question 1

What are the three histological tissue layers of the heart?

Answer 1

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 2

What are the three histological tissue layers of blood vessels?

Answer 2

1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica adventitia

Question 3

What components make up both the tunica intima and the endocardium?

Answer 3

Epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue

Question 4

What two types of tissue are present in the tunica media?

Answer 4

Smooth muscle and elastic tissues

Question 5

What three types of arteries are there?

Answer 5

Elastic, muscular and arterioles

Question 6

At what surface anatomy point does the mediation divide into its superior and inferior regions?

Answer 6

T4 (Sternal angle)

Question 7

At what anatomical point does the apex of the heart occur?

Answer 7

Fifth left intercostal space

Question 8

Where does the descending aorta lie?

Answer 8

Along the posterior body wall just infront and to the left of the bodies of the thoracic and lunar vertebrae

Question 9

At what vertebral level does the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?

Answer 9

T4

Question 10

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

Answer 10

L4

Question 11

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?

Answer 11

L5

Question 12

What is the typical diameter of the aortic root and how can this vary during dilation?

Answer 12

3.5cm can distend to 4.5cm

Question 13

Name the most proximal to the most distal structures arising from the aortic root

Answer 13

Brachiocephalic arteries, Left common carotid, left subclavian artery

Question 14

Arteries are to branches as veins are to _______

Answer 14

Tributaries

Question 15

What are the great arteries of the heart?

Answer 15

The aorta and the pulmonary trunk

Question 16

What are the great veins of the heart?

Answer 16

Superior and inferior vena cava

Question 17

What are the tributaries of the SVC?

Answer 17

Left and right brachiocephalic veins and azygos veins

Question 18

What are the tributaries of the IVC?

Answer 18

Left and right common iliac veins

Question 19

Describe the azygos venous system?

Answer 19

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC

Question 20

What two vessels make up the azygos venous system?

Answer 20

The azygos vein - right side of the posterior mediastinum

The hemiazygos vein - on the left side (drains into the azygos v. at approx. levels T8/T9

Question 21

What anterior chest wall veins drain into the internal thoracic vein?

Answer 21

Superior epigastric vein

Question 22

Why anterior chest wall arteries arise form the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 22

Musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries

Question 23

Which side of the chest drains its lymph into the thoracic duct?

Answer 23

The left

Question 24

Lymphatics from the right upper quadrant of the body drain into where?

Answer 24

The right lymphatic duct

Question 25

What artery gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 25

The subclavian artery

Question 26

Where is the thoracic duct located?

Answer 26

Located on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and descending aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

Question 27

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to?

Answer 27

Junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

Question 28

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 28

The junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

Question 29

What and where is the cisterna chyli?

Answer 29

Most inferior part of the thoracic duct at L4

Question 30

The subclavian artery becomes what artery at the lateral boarder of the first rib?

Answer 30

The axillary artery

Question 31

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

Answer 31

At the lower margin of the teres major muscle

Question 32

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate and what does it branch into?

Answer 32

Inferior to the cubital fossa - bifurcation into the brachial and radial artery

Question 33

What vein anatomises the basilic and cephalic veins?

Answer 33

The median cubital vein

Question 34

What is the clinical importance of the median cubital vein?

Answer 34

Compressing the veins proximal to it, the MCV becomes easily visible and palpable - good for IV drip infusion

Question 35

What are venae comitantes?

Answer 35

Accompanying veins to the deep arteries of the upper and lower limbs

Question 36

What is the larger vessel of the internal and external iliac arteries?

Answer 36

The external

Question 37

What does the external iliac artery branch into?

Answer 37

The deep and superficial femoral artery

Question 38

Which artery gives rise to the popliteal artery?

Answer 38

Superficial femoral

Question 39

What two arteries form from the popliteal artery?

Answer 39

The anterior and posterior tibial

Question 40

What are the deep veins of the lower limb?

Answer 40

External iliac, femoral vein, popliteal vein, posterior and anterior tibial and fibular vein

Question 41

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 41

Great and small saphenous veins

Question 42

Between what two layers of the pericardium does the pericardial cavity lie?

Answer 42

Parietal and visceral

Question 43

Which layer of the pericardium belongs simultaneously to both the heart wall and the serious pericardium?

Answer 43

Visceral

Question 44

Which layer of the pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 44

Parietal

Question 45

What is the protective role of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 45

Prevents over-filling of the heart

Question 46

Visceral pericardium receives what kind of innervation?

Answer 46

Autonomic innervation from T1-T4 nerves via the cardiac plexus

Question 47

What is the main nerve responsible for the innervation of the parietal and fibrous layers of the heart?

Answer 47

The phrenic nerve

Question 48

Which layers of the pericardium is innervated by pain fibres?

Answer 48

Parietal and fibrous layers

Question 49

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 49

Excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity - impedes optimum fluid dynamics of the heart and can ultimately lead to cardiac failure

Question 50

What named ganglia feed into the cardiac plexus?

Answer 50

Middle cervical and stellate ganglia

Question 51

What chamber of the heart constitutes the base?

Answer 51

The left atrium

Question 52

What chamber of the heart constitutes its apex?

Answer 52

The left ventricle

Question 53

What is the fossa ovals?

Answer 53

Visible depression in the inter-atrial septum

Question 54

What did the fossa ovals arise from?

Answer 54

The foramen ovale

Question 55

What was the function of the foramen ovale?

Answer 55

To allow transmission of blood from on side of the heart directly to the other - along with the ductus arteriosus it allowed bypass of the lungs during placental oxygenation of blood during gestation

Question 56

What is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

Answer 56

One of the more common cardiac defects - defect in atrial septum allows pulmonary venous return to pass from left atrium to right directly

Question 57

What is the septomarginal trabeculum also known as?

Answer 57

The moderator band

Question 58

What is the purpose of the moderator band?

Answer 58

Allows innervation of papillary muscles to aid in opening of atrioventricular valves

Question 59

What is the function of the chordae tendonae?

Answer 59

To prevent regurgitation of blood

Question 60

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie on the surface of the heart?

Answer 60

The atrioventricular (coronary) and interventricular (anterior and posterior) sulci

Question 61

From what part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

Answer 61

The root

Question 62

Which pair of arteries anatomose in the coronary sulcus?

Answer 62

Marginal and right coronary artery

Question 63

Which pair of arteries anatomose in the interventricular sulcus?

Answer 63

Circumflex and left coronary artery

Question 64

The right coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

Answer 64

- Right atrium and ventricle - AV and SA node - Bundle of His

Question 65

The left coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

Answer 65

- Both ventricles (plus septum) - Left atrium - SA node

Question 66

Where is the SA node located?

Answer 66

Near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

Question 67

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 67

Lies in the inferior part of the interatrial septum

Question 68

Where is the bundle of His located?

Answer 68

Within each side of the interventricular septal wall

Question 69

What type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 69

Elastic and conducting

Question 70

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

Answer 70

Distributing and muscular

Question 71

What tissue predominates the tunica media of arteries?

Answer 71

Smooth muscle