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Systems 1 - The Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular Anatomy COPY > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three histological tissue layers of the heart?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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2
Q

What are the three histological tissue layers of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica adventitia
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3
Q

What components make up both the tunica intima and the endocardium?

A

Epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue

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4
Q

What two types of tissue are present in the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic tissues

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5
Q

What three types of arteries are there?

A

Elastic, muscular and arterioles

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6
Q

At what surface anatomy point does the mediation divide into its superior and inferior regions?

A

T4 (Sternal angle)

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7
Q

At what anatomical point does the apex of the heart occur?

A

Fifth left intercostal space

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8
Q

Where does the descending aorta lie?

A

Along the posterior body wall just infront and to the left of the bodies of the thoracic and lunar vertebrae

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9
Q

At what vertebral level does the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?

A

T4

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10
Q

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

A

L4

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11
Q

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?

A

L5

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12
Q

What is the typical diameter of the aortic root and how can this vary during dilation?

A

3.5cm can distend to 4.5cm

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13
Q

Name the most proximal to the most distal structures arising from the aortic root

A

Brachiocephalic arteries, Left common carotid, left subclavian artery

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14
Q

Arteries are to branches as veins are to _______

A

Tributaries

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15
Q

What are the great arteries of the heart?

A

The aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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16
Q

What are the great veins of the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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17
Q

What are the tributaries of the SVC?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins and azygos veins

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18
Q

What are the tributaries of the IVC?

A

Left and right common iliac veins

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19
Q

Describe the azygos venous system?

A

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC

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20
Q

What two vessels make up the azygos venous system?

A

The azygos vein - right side of the posterior mediastinum

The hemiazygos vein - on the left side (drains into the azygos v. at approx. levels T8/T9

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21
Q

What anterior chest wall veins drain into the internal thoracic vein?

A

Superior epigastric vein

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22
Q

Why anterior chest wall arteries arise form the internal thoracic artery?

A

Musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries

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23
Q

Which side of the chest drains its lymph into the thoracic duct?

A

The left

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24
Q

Lymphatics from the right upper quadrant of the body drain into where?

A

The right lymphatic duct

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25
Q

What artery gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?

A

The subclavian artery

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26
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

Located on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and descending aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

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27
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to?

A

Junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

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28
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

The junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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29
Q

What and where is the cisterna chyli?

A

Most inferior part of the thoracic duct at L4

30
Q

The subclavian artery becomes what artery at the lateral boarder of the first rib?

A

The axillary artery

31
Q

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the lower margin of the teres major muscle

32
Q

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate and what does it branch into?

A

Inferior to the cubital fossa - bifurcation into the brachial and radial artery

33
Q

What vein anatomises the basilic and cephalic veins?

A

The median cubital vein

34
Q

What is the clinical importance of the median cubital vein?

A

Compressing the veins proximal to it, the MCV becomes easily visible and palpable - good for IV drip infusion

35
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Accompanying veins to the deep arteries of the upper and lower limbs

36
Q

What is the larger vessel of the internal and external iliac arteries?

A

The external

37
Q

What does the external iliac artery branch into?

A

The deep and superficial femoral artery

38
Q

Which artery gives rise to the popliteal artery?

A

Superficial femoral

39
Q

What two arteries form from the popliteal artery?

A

The anterior and posterior tibial

40
Q

What are the deep veins of the lower limb?

A

External iliac, femoral vein, popliteal vein, posterior and anterior tibial and fibular vein

41
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great and small saphenous veins

42
Q

Between what two layers of the pericardium does the pericardial cavity lie?

A

Parietal and visceral

43
Q

Which layer of the pericardium belongs simultaneously to both the heart wall and the serious pericardium?

A

Visceral

44
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal

45
Q

What is the protective role of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevents over-filling of the heart

46
Q

Visceral pericardium receives what kind of innervation?

A

Autonomic innervation from T1-T4 nerves via the cardiac plexus

47
Q

What is the main nerve responsible for the innervation of the parietal and fibrous layers of the heart?

A

The phrenic nerve

48
Q

Which layers of the pericardium is innervated by pain fibres?

A

Parietal and fibrous layers

49
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity - impedes optimum fluid dynamics of the heart and can ultimately lead to cardiac failure

50
Q

What named ganglia feed into the cardiac plexus?

A

Middle cervical and stellate ganglia

51
Q

What chamber of the heart constitutes the base?

A

The left atrium

52
Q

What chamber of the heart constitutes its apex?

A

The left ventricle

53
Q

What is the fossa ovals?

A

Visible depression in the inter-atrial septum

54
Q

What did the fossa ovals arise from?

A

The foramen ovale

55
Q

What was the function of the foramen ovale?

A

To allow transmission of blood from on side of the heart directly to the other - along with the ductus arteriosus it allowed bypass of the lungs during placental oxygenation of blood during gestation

56
Q

What is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

A

One of the more common cardiac defects - defect in atrial septum allows pulmonary venous return to pass from left atrium to right directly

57
Q

What is the septomarginal trabeculum also known as?

A

The moderator band

58
Q

What is the purpose of the moderator band?

A

Allows innervation of papillary muscles to aid in opening of atrioventricular valves

59
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendonae?

A

To prevent regurgitation of blood

60
Q

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie on the surface of the heart?

A

The atrioventricular (coronary) and interventricular (anterior and posterior) sulci

61
Q

From what part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

A

The root

62
Q

Which pair of arteries anatomose in the coronary sulcus?

A

Marginal and right coronary artery

63
Q

Which pair of arteries anatomose in the interventricular sulcus?

A

Circumflex and left coronary artery

64
Q

The right coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

A
  • Right atrium and ventricle
  • AV and SA node
  • Bundle of His
65
Q

The left coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

A
  • Both ventricles (plus septum)
  • Left atrium
  • SA node
66
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

67
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Lies in the inferior part of the interatrial septum

68
Q

Where is the bundle of His located?

A

Within each side of the interventricular septal wall

69
Q

What type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Elastic and conducting

70
Q

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

A

Distributing and muscular

71
Q

What tissue predominates the tunica media of arteries?

A

Smooth muscle

Systems 1 - The Cardiovascular System (24 decks)

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