Cardiovascular Anatomy

Question 1

sternum

Answer 1

Manubrium body xiphoid

Suprasternal notch is superior border

Question 2

Body of the sternum articulates with

Answer 2

ribs 3-7

Question 3

angle of louis

Answer 3

Level of bifurcation of trachea into right and left main stem bronchi

Question 4

True ribs

Answer 4

1-7
vertebrosternal

Question 5

false ribs

Answer 5

8-10
vertebrochondral

Question 6

floating ribs

Answer 6

11-12
vertebral

Question 7

mediastinum

Answer 7

lies between right and left pleura of lungs

Contains all thoracic viscera, except the lungs

Question 8

parietal pericardium

Answer 8

Outer tough fibrous layer

Question 9

two inner thin layers of the pericardium

Answer 9

serous parietal pericardium
serous visceral pericardium

Question 10

serous visceral pericardium with the loose connective tissue is called

Answer 10

Epicardium

Question 11

pericardial space contains what to reduce friction

Answer 11

10-20 ml of pericardial fluid

Question 12

myocardium

Answer 12

facilitates pumping action

Contractile element
Myocardial cells

Automaticity
Rhythmicity
Conductivity

Question 13

endocardium

Answer 13

Innermost layer
Lining of heart chambers

Question 14

atrioventricular valves

Answer 14

Tricuspid right
Mitral left

Question 15

semi lunar valves

Answer 15

Pulmonic right
Aortic valve left

Question 16

conduction system

Answer 16

sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of his
Purkinje

Question 17

Parasympathetic innervation

Answer 17

Vagus nerve

Question 18

sympathetic innervation

Answer 18

epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Question 19

right coronary artery

Answer 19

Arises from right anterolateral surface of the aorta and descends into coronary sulcus

Posterior descending

Question 20

left coronary artery

Answer 20

Originates from left anterolateral aspect of the aorta

Anterior interventricular left anterior descending

Left circumflex branch

Question 21

Arteries

Answer 21

elastic and fibrous connective tissue, smooth muscle

Smooth muscle receives autonomic stimulation from alpha receptors

Arteries to arterioles to capillary beds

Question 22

endothelium

Answer 22

Functions include filtration, permeability, vasomotion, clotting, and inflammation

Question 23

veins

Answer 23

thinner walls, larger diameter

Less elastic tissue

Valves create unit directional flow

Blood is transferred back to heart through muscle pump

Question 24

septal defects

Answer 24

30 to 40%
Hole in interatrial or interventricular septum

Initially non-cyanotic events , later cyanotic

Question 25

Atrial septal defect

Answer 25

incomplete or defective closure of foramen ovale

no Formation of connective tissue inter atrial septum

murmur in systole from left to right

minor consequences - prominent gets bigger, infected, treated surgically simple

Question 26

Ventricular septal defect

Answer 26

most common,
asymptomatic

small - close, spontaneous
Larger - surgical

Mixed blood from left to right - right ventricular hypertrophy

Increase flow to pulmonary arteries - pulmonary hypertension

Non-oxygenated blood to main circulation- cyanosis

High-pitched systolic heart murmur

Question 27

tetralogy of fallot 4 typical lesions- cyanosis

Answer 27

complex congenital defect of heart and major vessels 10%

Dextroposition of aorta - Narrows pulmonary artery

Ventricular septal defect- right to left shunt

Hypertrophy of right ventricle