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Cardiopulmonary Test 1 > cardiac physiology > Flashcards

cardiac physiology Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of the cardiovascular system

A

Pump blood
Deliver oxygen and nutrients
Remove CO2 and byproducts of cellular metabolism

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2
Q

secondary function of cardiovascular systems

A

Maintain heat temperature
Deliver white blood cells for defense and hormones

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3
Q

Cardiac output

A

5- 6 L per minute

volume of blood ejected out of left ventricle into systemic vasculature per minute

CO= HR x SV

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4
Q

cardiac index

A

CO/body surface area

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5
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped from ventricles with each contraction/ beat

55-100ml

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6
Q

rate pressure product RPP

A

an index of myocardial O2 consumption; reflecting cardiac fitness

RPP= HR X systolic bp/1000

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7
Q

Regulation of stroke volume

A

myocardial cell length

Myocardial cell contractility influenced by intrinsic myocardial stretch

Frank Starling mechanism

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8
Q

preload

A

blood Returning to heart or end diastolic volume

effect of stretch prior to contraction

Extrinsic activity of sympathoadrenal system

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9
Q

afterload

A

blood ejected out of heart is influenced by the pressure generated in ventricle compared to pressure in systemic vasculature

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10
Q

intrinsic heart rate regulation

A

SA and AV nodes

Sympathetic- increase heart rate via SA

parasympathetic- slows heart rate via SA

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11
Q

extrinsic heart rate regulation

A

Neural influences

Peripheral
Cortical

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12
Q

sympathetic nerve endings

A

Beta adrenergic receptors in myocardial wall

1- vasodilates coronary arteries
2- increase heart rate rate via catecholamines
3- cardio accelerator center in medulla

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13
Q

Parasympathetic influence

A

1- vasoconstricts coronary arteries
2-decrease the heart rate through the action of acetylcholine via vagus nerve
3-cardio inhibitory in medulla

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14
Q

HR chronotrophic effects

A

+ chronotrophic effects if HR is high

  • chronotrophic effects if HR is low
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15
Q

contractility- ionotrophic effects

A

+ iontrophic effects if contractility is high

  • iontrophic effects if contractility is low
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16
Q

What has a positive influence on stroke volume?

A

Preload
Sympathetic outflow to heart
Circulating epinephrine
Circulating norepinephrine

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17
Q

What has a negative influence on stroke volume

A

Afterload
Parasympathetic outflow to the heart

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18
Q

What has a positive influence on heart rate?

A

preload
Sympathetic outflow
Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

what has a negative influence on heart rate

A

Parasympathetic outflow

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20
Q

Coronary blood flow

A

squeezed during systole, but perfuse myocardium during diastole

regulated by autonomic nervous system

Diastolic pressure is primary determinant of coronary pressure

21
Q

Ejection fraction

A

good indicator of cardiac function

Ratio of volume of blood ejected out of ventricles relative to volume of blood by ventricles

60-70% is normal

22
Q

venous return

A

effected by two factors

Total blood volume
Pressure within venous vasculature

23
Q

blood flow patterns change at the result of

A

sympathetic nervous system action

24
Q

blood flow to muscles during exercise release of norepinephrine

A

vasoconstrict blood to digestive organs, kidneys, thus redirecting to skeletal muscle

25
Q

determinants of myocardium metabolic rate is

A

rate pressure product= HR X systolic BP / 1000

26
Q

aging and cardiovascular system

A

L Ventricle wall thickness increases

increase vascular thickness

Maximum oxygen uptake and cardiac output reduce

27
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Involuntary
Branched
Single nucleated
Intercalated discs
troponin and tropomyosin
Calcium from ECF and ER
Self exciting tissues
EC coupling

28
Q

Venous capacity

A

Capacity of the veins

29
Q

increase in CVP

A

The pressure in the thoracic veins SVC and IVC

30
Q

EDV

A

Max blood in ventricles before a contraction

31
Q

ESV

A

Maximum amount of blood in ventricle after contraction

32
Q

MAP

A

mean arterial pressure
Pressure in the aorta during one cardiac cycle
Influences blood delivered to the organs

33
Q

Hematocrit normal value

A

45%

34
Q

Red blood cell count normal value

A

5×10 ^12 cells/L

35
Q

Hemoglobin normal value

A

15 g/dL

36
Q

White blood cell count, normal value

A

5×10 ^9 cells/L

37
Q

platelets, normal value

A

250×10 ^9 cells/L

38
Q

plasma proteins, normal value

A

7 g/dL

39
Q

Na normal value

A

140 mEq/L

40
Q

Cl normal value

A

100 mEq/L

41
Q

K normal value

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

42
Q

Parasympathetic preganglion fibers release

A

Acetylcholine

43
Q

sympathetic preganglion fibers release

A

Acetylcholine

44
Q

parasympathetic post ganglionic receptors

A

Nicotinic cholinergic

45
Q

Sympathetic post ganglionic receptors

A

nicotinic cholinergic

46
Q

Parasympathetic post ganglionic fibers release

A

acetylcholine

47
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release

A

Epinephrine

48
Q

Acetylcholine binds to

A

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the effector organ

49
Q

epinephrine binds to

A

adrenergic receptors on the effector cardiac muscle

Cardiopulmonary Test 1 (10 decks)

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