Cardiovascular A&P

Question 1

End-diastolic volume

Answer 1

amount of blood that’s in the ventricles before the heart contracts
estimates heart’s preload volume

Question 2

End-systolic volume

Answer 2

amount of blood in ventricles after contraction (systole)

Question 3

Stroke volume

Answer 3

EDV - ESV

Question 4

Factors affecting stroke volume

Answer 4

1. Preload-volume of blood in heart before systole
2. Afterload - force opposing ejection of the blood from the ventricle
3. Contractility - contractile capabilities of the heart

Question 5

Frank-Starling Law

Answer 5

increase in resting muscle fiber length results in greater muscle tension (length-tension relationship)

heart has the ability to change its force of contraction (and stroke volume) in response to changes in venous return

Question 6

Starling’s Law of Capillary Forces

Answer 6

Oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure forces oppose each other at every capillary membrane and attempt to balance each other out

Question 7

Afterload definition

Answer 7

resistance that must be overcome in order to eject blood from chamber

Question 8

Left ventricular afterload primarily determined by what?

Answer 8

aortic blood pressure

Question 9

Increase in afterload leads to a decrease in?

Answer 9

stroke volume, unless the heart compensates

Question 10

Contractility is primarily determined by?

Answer 10

free calcium within the myocardial cell

Question 11

Increased contractility increases ___________

Answer 11

stroke volume by causing a greater % of the volume to be ejected

Question 12

S/S of LVF backward effects

Answer 12

Dyspnea
Cough
Orthopnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Crackles in lungs
       fine--mild pulmonary edema
       course--severe
       pink, frothy sputum--severe

Question 13

Forward effects of LVF

Answer 13

decreased perfusion of vital tissues activates a neurohormonal response that includes stimulation of the RAAS, ADH, & SNS

kidney senses decreased perfusion–releases renin→angiotensinogen→angiotensin I→angiotensin II→peripheral vasoconstriction and stimulation of adrenal gland→aldosterone released→Na+ & H20 reabsorption→increased blood volume and BP

baroreceptors within aorta and peripheral arteries sense decreased blood flow activating the SNS→stimulates adrenergic receptors in heart and blood vessels→increased HR and vasoconstriction

posterior pituitary gland in response to diminished perfusion releases ADH→nephrons increase water reabsorption into blood stream→increased blood volume