Cardiovascular

Question 1

Gross cardiomegaly

Answer 1

Cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, ASD, valvular disease, congenital heart disease

Question 2

Right atrial enlargement

Answer 2

Right ventricular failure, volume loading (ASD, anomalous pulmonary venous return), tricuspid stenosis, tricuspid valve obstruction from tumor/thrombus

Question 3

Right ventricular enlargement

Answer 3

Volume loading (tricuspid, pulmonary regurgitation, ASD, VSD, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage), Pressure loading (pulmonary HTN, stenosis, acute PE)

Question 4

Left atrial enlargement

Answer 4

Volume (mitral regurgitation, VSD, PDA) Pressure 9LVF, mitral stenosis, mitral valve obstruction)

Question 5

Left ventricular enlargement

Answer 5

Myocardial (ischemia, cardiomyopathy), volume (aortic, mitral regugitation, PDA), pressure (HTN, aortic stenosis)

Question 6

Cardiac valve calcification

Answer 6

Aortic valve, mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid, homograft calcification

Question 7

Intracardiac calcification

Answer 7

Thrombus, calcified tumor

Question 8

Myocardial calcification

Answer 8

Postinfarction, LV aneurysm, rheumatic fever

Question 9

Pericardial calcification

Answer 9

pericarditis, trauma, renal failure, asbestos pleural plaque

Question 10

Coronary artery calcification

Answer 10

Artheroma, chronic renal failure

Question 11

Cardiac masses

Answer 11

Thrombus, myxoma, malignant tumor (angiosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma)

Question 12

Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm

Answer 12

Poststenotic dilation from aortic stenosis, atheroma, cystic medial necrosis (Marfan, Ehlers), Syphylis

Question 13

Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm

Answer 13

Atheroma, aortic dissection and previous trauma

Question 14

Pulmonary venous enlargement

Answer 14

LV failure, atrial/mitral valve obstruction, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease or constrictive pericarditits