Cardiovascular

Question 1

WHat is the number 1 killer in the UK?

Answer 1

Coronary heart disease

Question 2

WHat are the surface markings of the heart?

Answer 2

Right border: Right 3rd CC (1cm lateral to sternum) –> 6th right CC

Left Border: 2nd left ICS (2.5cm from sternal border) –> 5th ICS at MCL

Upper border: right 3rd CC (1cm from sternum) -> 2nd ICS (2.5cm from sternum)

Lower border: right 6th CC –> left 5th ICS at MCL

Question 3

Where do the ECG chest leads go?

Answer 3

V1: right 4th ICS nect to sternum
V2:  left 4th ICS next to sternum
V3: left 5th ICS between V2 and V4
V4: left 5th ICS and MCL
V5: left 5th ICS at antero-axillary line
V6: left 5th ICS at MAL

Question 4

Where would you auscultate the aortic valve?

Answer 4

right 2nd ICS at sternal border

Question 5

Where would you auscultate the pulmonary valve?

Answer 5

left 2nd ICS at sternal border

Question 6

Where would you auscultate the tricuspid valve?

Answer 6

Left 5th ICS at sternal border

Question 7

Where would you auscultate the mitral valve?

Answer 7

Left 5th ICS at MCL (location of apex beat)

Question 8

What is the anatomical location of the aortic valve?

Answer 8

Obliquely-aligned at right ICS at sternal border

Question 9

What is the anatomical location of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 9

horizontal at left 3rd CC

Question 10

What is the anatomical location of the tricuspid valve?

Answer 10

vertical at right 4th ICS at sternal border

Question 11

What is the anatomical location of the mitral valve?

Answer 11

oblique at left 4th ICS at sternal border

Question 12

Where is the apex beat?

Answer 12

5th left ICS at MCL (patients bed at 45 degrees) in adults. In children it is at 4th ICS

Question 13

What could the absence of the Apex beat be?

Answer 13

D- Dextrocardia
R- Ribs
P- Pericardial effusion
O- Obesity
P- Pleural Effusion
E - Emphysema

Question 14

What are the borders of teh cubital foss?

Answer 14

Medial : Brachioradialis muscle
Lateral : pronator teres
Superior: line between 2 epicondoyles

Question 15

What are the contents of the cubital fossa? (lateral inwards)

Answer 15

radial nerve, biceps brachii tendon, medial cubital vein, brachial artery, median nerve

Question 16

What are the branches off the aortic arch?

Answer 16

Brachiocephalic trunk, right subclavian and right common carotid

Question 17

WHen will the apex beat be felt prematurely?

Answer 17

patient with ventricular hypertrophy

Question 18

What are the surface markings for the aortic arch?

Answer 18

Begins and ends at the sternal angle.
Start: ascending aorta at right 2nd CC
Top: halfway between sternal angle and jugular notch
End: left 2nd CC into thoracic aorta

Question 19

What are the surface markings for the Right common carotid?

Answer 19

patient to look left. Runs from right sternoclavicular joint to the right ear lobe behind the sternocleidomastoid

Question 20

What are the surface markings for the Left Common Carotid?

Answer 20

behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle, patient to look right and runs from top of aortic arch positron to the left ear lobe

Question 21

At what point does the right common carotid split into the internal carotid?

Answer 21

superior to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage