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SA Pathology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Nodules of Arantius

A

Normal nodules on semilunar valves

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2
Q

Sinus of valsalva

A

Origin of coronary arteries

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3
Q

Common site to sample to diagnose cardiomyopathy

A

Mid-ventricle

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4
Q

Best sample to look for cardiac degeneration

A

Papillary muscle

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5
Q

Characteristics of heart failure

A

Decreased myocardial contractility

Decreased compliance (fibrosis)

Dysrhythmias/arrhythmias

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6
Q

Best/most common compensatory method of heart

A

Hypertrophy

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7
Q

Development of hypertrophy requires

A

Time
Healthy myocardium
Adequate nutrition and oxygenation

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8
Q

What happens when limit of hypertrophy is reached

A

Dilation

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9
Q

Dilation

A

Stretching of myofibers as a result of chronic volume overload

Maintain connections and architecture

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10
Q

Cardiac syncope

A

Acute cardiac failure

Sudden onset of extreme changes in BP and HR

May or may not have gross or histo lesions

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11
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Chronic loss of pumping ability

Syndrome NOT a disease

Can be forward (decreased flow to peripheral tissues) or backward (accumulation behind the failing chamber)

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12
Q

Cardiac decompensation/embarrassment

A

Failing heart has to pump a greater volume of thicker fluid

Cardiac decompensation -> hypoxia

  • > renin release from kidneys -> aldosterone release from adrenals -> Na and H2O retention -> increased plasma volume -> edema
  • > stimulation of EPO -> polycythemia -> increased blood viscocity
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13
Q

What does septal thickening indicate

A

HCM

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14
Q

Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Congenital abnormalities

Tricuspid (right AV) incompetence

Mechanical obstruction (HW)

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15
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy +/- failure due to long-term pulmonary hypertension

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16
Q

Causes of left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Systemic hypertension

Congenital abnormalities

Mitral incompetence

Endocrine disease (hyperthyroidism, acromegaly)

17
Q

Causes of right heart failure

A

Valvular insufficiency (tricuspid or pulmonary valves)

Pulmonary hypertension

Cardiomyopathy

18
Q

Sequelae of right heart failure

A

Hepatic congestion (“nutmeg liver”)
Ascites
Hydrothorax
Pleural and pericardial effusion

19
Q

Causes of left heart failure

A

Myocardial loss of contractility (myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, cardiomyopathy)

Valvular insufficiency (mitral or aortic valves)

Congenital defects (PDA)

20
Q

Sequelae of left heart failure

A

Pulmonary congestion
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary fibrosis
Hemosiderosis (“heart failure cells”)

21
Q

Common differentials for cardiac disease in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs: congenital, endocardiosis, DCM, hemopericardium

Cats: congenital, HCM, hyperthyroidism-associated hypertrophy

22
Q

Granular, crystalline deposits on endocardial curface

A

Euthanasia solution artifact

23
Q

PDA

A

Connection between pulmonary artery and aorta normally closes up to 5 days after birth

Breeds- poodles, collies, poms, chi, maltese

24
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Valvular, subvalvular, supravalvular

Breeds- Newfoundland, boxer, GSD, golden

Pathologic findings: concentric hypertrophy of L ventricle, endocardial thickening, post-stenotic dilation of aorta, jet lesions, myocardial necrosis/fibrosis

Can cause sudden death due to arrhythmias

25
Q

Pulmonic stenosis

A

Infundibulum, pulmonary artery, pulmonary valve

Breeds- beagle, english bulldog, chi, westies

Right ventricular hypertrophy, post-stenotic dilation of pulmonary artery

Muscular hypertrophy of RV outflow tract can complicate stenosis

26
Q

Valvular dysplasia

A

Tricuspid, mitral

Malformation of valve leaflets (may be attached to septum)

Thickened cordae tendinae

Labs- tricuspid (autosomal dominant)*

27
Q

Malformations causing L -> R shunting

A

Atrial septal defect
Atrioventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
PDA

28
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Pressure in RV overcomes LV

29
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

High most common (membranous portion)

Pulmonary hypertension from blood shunting from L -> R

Causes RV hypertrophy, increase in pulmonary hypertension can lead to eventual compensatory R -> L shunting

30
Q

Eisenmenger complex

A

VSD cases with reversal of shunting

SA Pathology (7 decks)

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