Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Nodules of Arantius

A

Normal nodules on semilunar valves

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2
Q

Sinus of valsalva

A

Origin of coronary arteries

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3
Q

Common site to sample to diagnose cardiomyopathy

A

Mid-ventricle

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4
Q

Best sample to look for cardiac degeneration

A

Papillary muscle

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5
Q

Characteristics of heart failure

A

Decreased myocardial contractility

Decreased compliance (fibrosis)

Dysrhythmias/arrhythmias

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6
Q

Best/most common compensatory method of heart

A

Hypertrophy

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7
Q

Development of hypertrophy requires

A

Time
Healthy myocardium
Adequate nutrition and oxygenation

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8
Q

What happens when limit of hypertrophy is reached

A

Dilation

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9
Q

Dilation

A

Stretching of myofibers as a result of chronic volume overload

Maintain connections and architecture

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10
Q

Cardiac syncope

A

Acute cardiac failure

Sudden onset of extreme changes in BP and HR

May or may not have gross or histo lesions

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11
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Chronic loss of pumping ability

Syndrome NOT a disease

Can be forward (decreased flow to peripheral tissues) or backward (accumulation behind the failing chamber)

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12
Q

Cardiac decompensation/embarrassment

A

Failing heart has to pump a greater volume of thicker fluid

Cardiac decompensation -> hypoxia

  • > renin release from kidneys -> aldosterone release from adrenals -> Na and H2O retention -> increased plasma volume -> edema
  • > stimulation of EPO -> polycythemia -> increased blood viscocity
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13
Q

What does septal thickening indicate

A

HCM

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14
Q

Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Congenital abnormalities

Tricuspid (right AV) incompetence

Mechanical obstruction (HW)

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15
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy +/- failure due to long-term pulmonary hypertension

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16
Q

Causes of left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Systemic hypertension

Congenital abnormalities

Mitral incompetence

Endocrine disease (hyperthyroidism, acromegaly)

17
Q

Causes of right heart failure

A

Valvular insufficiency (tricuspid or pulmonary valves)

Pulmonary hypertension

Cardiomyopathy

18
Q

Sequelae of right heart failure

A

Hepatic congestion (“nutmeg liver”)
Ascites
Hydrothorax
Pleural and pericardial effusion

19
Q

Causes of left heart failure

A

Myocardial loss of contractility (myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, cardiomyopathy)

Valvular insufficiency (mitral or aortic valves)

Congenital defects (PDA)

20
Q

Sequelae of left heart failure

A

Pulmonary congestion
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary fibrosis
Hemosiderosis (“heart failure cells”)

21
Q

Common differentials for cardiac disease in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs: congenital, endocardiosis, DCM, hemopericardium

Cats: congenital, HCM, hyperthyroidism-associated hypertrophy

22
Q

Granular, crystalline deposits on endocardial curface

A

Euthanasia solution artifact

23
Q

PDA

A

Connection between pulmonary artery and aorta normally closes up to 5 days after birth

Breeds- poodles, collies, poms, chi, maltese

24
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Valvular, subvalvular, supravalvular

Breeds- Newfoundland, boxer, GSD, golden

Pathologic findings: concentric hypertrophy of L ventricle, endocardial thickening, post-stenotic dilation of aorta, jet lesions, myocardial necrosis/fibrosis

Can cause sudden death due to arrhythmias

25
Pulmonic stenosis
Infundibulum, pulmonary artery, pulmonary valve Breeds- beagle, english bulldog, chi, westies Right ventricular hypertrophy, post-stenotic dilation of pulmonary artery Muscular hypertrophy of RV outflow tract can complicate stenosis
26
Valvular dysplasia
Tricuspid, mitral Malformation of valve leaflets (may be attached to septum) Thickened cordae tendinae Labs- tricuspid (autosomal dominant)*
27
Malformations causing L -> R shunting
Atrial septal defect Atrioventricular septal defect Ventricular septal defect PDA
28
Atrial septal defect
Pressure in RV overcomes LV
29
Ventricular septal defect
High most common (membranous portion) Pulmonary hypertension from blood shunting from L -> R Causes RV hypertrophy, increase in pulmonary hypertension can lead to eventual compensatory R -> L shunting
30
Eisenmenger complex
VSD cases with reversal of shunting