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Path II Summer 2017 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are some compensatory mechanisms available to maintain cardiac function?

A

cardiac dilatation, myocardial hypertrophy, increased HR, increased peripheral resistance, and redistribution of blood flow

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2
Q

What happens when the compensatory mechanisms fail?

A

CHF!

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3
Q

T/F: cardiomyocytes need lots of O2, have lots of mitochondria, and few capillaries.

A

False. They have lots of capillaries.

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4
Q

Which of the following is/are reversible injuries to the myocardium?

A. Fatty infiltration

B. Myocytosis

C. Neoplasia

A

A and B.

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5
Q

Which ventricular wall is usually thicker? Why?

A

Left ventricular wall. This is because it maintains cardiac output, so it needs to be more powerful

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6
Q

What structure helps blood bypass the liver in the fetus and disappears after birth? Which helps bypass the lungs?

A

ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus.

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7
Q

Which vein/artery carries unoxygenated blood in the fetus? Which carries oxygenated blood?

A

umbilical vein caries oxygenated blood and the umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood.

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8
Q

T/F: the fat on the coronary groove of this heart is normal.

A

False. Although fat around the coronary groove of the heart is normal, it should not look like this. This is an example of serous atrophy.

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9
Q

What is this an exampple of?

A

epicardial hemorrhage. You can see both petechia and ecchymosis in this heart.

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10
Q

What is cardiac syncope?

A

actue onset of cardiac failure causing collapse and unconsciousness.

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11
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

It develops slowly from the gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload, or myocardial injury.

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12
Q

What is the main manifestation of left sided CHF? What is is usualy due to?

A

Main manifestation: pulmonary edema. Usually due to: stenosis of aortic valves.

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13
Q

What is the main manifestation of right sided CHF?

A

generalized edema, ascites, nutmeg liver.

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14
Q

What is brisket edema and who is it most commonly seen in and where?

A

brisket edema is a form of CHF. It is most commonly seen in cattle in high altitude areas (AKA high altitude dz). Due to right sided CHF.

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15
Q

In cats, hydrothorax/hydroperitoneum is more common, while in dogs, hydrothorax/hydroperitoneum is more common due to right sided CHF.

A

hydrothorax in cats, hydroperitoneum in dogs.

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16
Q

the thickness ratio of the right ventricular wall vs. the left ventricular wall is what?

A

1:3

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17
Q

What developmental anomalie is this an example of? Who is it primarily seen in? What clinical signs would you see with this?

A

valvular hematocyst, typically seen in calves (cattle). You would not see any clinical signs (these disappear with age).

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18
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot is what?

A

It is the presence of 4 abnormalities that result in insufficiently oxygenated blood pumped into the body.

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19
Q

What are the 4 abnormalities typically seen with tetralogy of fallot?

A
  1. narrowing of the pulmonary valve
  2. thickening of right ventricular wall
  3. displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect
  4. ventricular septal defect (opening between left and right ventricles).
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20
Q

What is this an example of? How do you know?

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonic stenosis. You know this because the heart looks more rounded and the RV is prominent. There is also cardiomegaly associated with the ventricular hypertrophy.

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21
Q

What is one of the most frequently encountered anomaly in dogs? What does it result in?

A

aortic stenosis. Results in compensatory concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and post-stenotic dilatation of the aorta.

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22
Q

tricuspid dysplacia is most common in what animal? What is it exactly?

A

most common in cats. It is the lack of development of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve.

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23
Q

What is this an example of? Will you see cyanosis? Will all cases exhibit clinical signs?

A

ventricular septal defect. You will not always have cyanosis. Not all cases are clinical, because the hole will not always be large enough to produce clinical signs.

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24
Q

What are these an example of? What else may you see with these?

A

These are jet lesions within the right ventricular wall. You may also see an increase in elastic fibers with these.

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25
Q

This condition can result in dysphagia and megaesophagus. It is seen when the right aortic arch doesn’t disappear.

A

Persistent right aortic arch. Can lead to death due to aspiration pneumonia.

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26
Q

What is the main cause of hemopericardium in older dogs? What are other causes of it?

A

ruptured atrial hemangiosarcoma. Other causes: trauma, can be idiopathic.

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27
Q

What leads to death due to hemopericardium?

A

cardiac tamponade. The heart can fill during diastole and it leads to death due to acute heart failure.

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28
Q

Is this fluid seen in mulberry heart disease a transudate or exudate? Is is inflammatory or not?

A

exudate, it is inflammatory.

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29
Q

What is it called when there is large amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac?

A

pericardial effusion.

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30
Q

What is this an example of? What is the cause? What changes will you see to the heart?

A

This is fibrinous pericarditis, caused by black leg. You will see that the pericardial sac is thickened due to fibrin, and you will also see emphysema.

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31
Q

You’re doing a post mortem exam on a cow and you notice adhesions between the reticulum and diaphragm, as well as pericarditis. What is on your list of differentials?

A

Hardware disease

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32
Q

endocardial mineralization is mainly associated with what?

A

Vitamin D toxicosis. Can also occur in cattle with Johne’s dz.

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33
Q

What is the most common cause of CHF in dogs? What is usually seen with this?

A

Valvular endocardiosis. Characterized by degeneration of valvular collagen.

34
Q

What is this an example of?

A

valvular endocardiosis. Most common in cavalier king charles spaniels

35
Q

Lesions of valvular endocardiosis are most likely seen where?

A

in the mitral valve (aka left AV valve).

36
Q

Jet lesions are characteristic of what disease?

A

valvular endocardiosis.

37
Q

What else are you likely to see with valvular endocardiosis?

A

ruptured chordae tendineae. This is because there leaflets are shortened, causing there to be added pressure on them.

38
Q

mural endocarditis affects what part of the heart?

A

Wall of heart chambers.

39
Q

Valvular endocarditis can be easily characterized by the following lesions near the chordae tendineae. What are they?

A

Septic thrombi.

40
Q

What else are you likely to see in an animal with valvular endocarditis?

A

blood turbulence which will lead to dilatation of cardiac chambers, leading to diffuse endocardial fibrosis. You will also see valvular insufficiency, as well as animals dying from septic shock.

41
Q

What valves will you see affected in pigs with endocarditis? In cattle? Where else should you look if endocarditis is suspected?

A

Pigs: mitral valve and aortic valve (left side). Cattle: right side. Should also look at the kidneys, as renal infarcts will also be seen.

42
Q

If you see valvular endocarditis in a pig, what is your main differential?

A

E. rhusiopathiae

43
Q

uremic endocarditis is an example of what type of endocarditis? Who is it most commonly seen in, and what else could be going on?

A

Mural endocarditis. Most cases are in dogs, and it is associated with renal failure.

44
Q

Mural endocarditis can also be caused by what?

A

heartworm.

45
Q

Necosis and mineralization of the myocardium is most commonly caused by what in veterinary medicine?

A

nutritional deficiencies or toxicities.

46
Q

What is this an example of and what is it caused by?

A

White muscle disease (myocardial degeneration/necrosis and mineralization). Caused by vitamin E/selenium deficiency.

47
Q

Where are lesions of white muscle dz typically seen in calves? What about lambs?

A

on the left side in calves, right side in lambs.

48
Q

What causes the following lesions?

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency

49
Q

T/F: animals can be born with Vitamin E/selenium deficiency

A

True!

50
Q

What primary cardiomyopathy is most common in cats? Which is most common in dogs?

A

in cats: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

in dogs: dilated cardiomyopathy

51
Q

T/F: most cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are acute and have to be euthanized, while dilated cardiomyopathy is usually chronic.

A

True

52
Q

In dilated cardiomyopathy, there is a dilatation of which ventricle?

A

Both ventricles.

53
Q

Even though there is eccentric hypertrophy of the heart in dilated cardiomyopathy, why don’t you see thickening of the wall?

A

Because the increase is in the length of the cardiomyocytes (increase is linear). They get longer, not wider.

54
Q

If you’re doing a post mortem on a cat and their heart weighs over 16 grams, what is your most likely diagnosis?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

55
Q

Where is hypertrophy confined to in HCM?

A

the left side.

56
Q

Histologically, how will cardiomyocytes look in a heart from a patient that had HCM?

A

variable degrees of hypertrophy and they will appear disorganized.

57
Q

What is seen in about 10% cats that suffer from HCM? How else may they present?

A

10% of cats have saddle thrombosis. Cats may also present with posterior paresis.

58
Q

What effects does HCM have on the lungs?

A

They will appear congested and hemorrhagic, and will be displaced because of the enlarged heart. Pulmonary edema is commonly seen because blood backs up into the L atrium and eventually into the lungs.

59
Q

T/F: myocarditis is a form of primary cardiomyopathy.

A

False. It represents a form of secondary cardiomyopathy.

60
Q

What are some bacterial infections that can cause myocarditis?

A

C. chauvoei (black leg), H. somnei (very important in feedlot cattle)

61
Q

Cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis in humans is the result of ingesting what?

A

taenia eggs.

62
Q

The white spots within the vesicles seen below represents what?

A

white spots represent the scolex of Taenia solium

63
Q

what is the most common malignant cardiac neoplasia? What is it’s predilection site?

A

Hemangiosarcoma, right atrium.

64
Q

This is an example of what cardiac neoplasia? Where does this characteristically metastasize to?

A

Hemangiosarcoma. Commonly metastasizes to the lungs.

65
Q

This cardiac neoplasia is usually seen at the base of the aorta and is beingn.

A

Chemodectoma

66
Q

This cardiac neoplasia appears as fatty infiltration, it metastasizes and can be the result of a bovine leukemia virus infection.

A

lymphosarcoma.

67
Q

T/F: arteritis is not very common with bacterial infections.

A

False. Arteritis is common with bacterial infections.

68
Q

What bacteria in pigs causes arteritis and appears as multifocal cutaneous infarcts?

A

E. rhusiopathiae

69
Q

What transient disease is seen commonly in beagles that presents with arteritis, periods of high fever, lameness, and cervical pain?

A

idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis (AKA beagle pain syndrome)

70
Q

What 2 diseases cause fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis?

A

mulberry heart disease and edema disease.

71
Q

What bacteria causes edema disease? What are some classical lesions seen with this disease?

A

E. coli causes it, classical lesion is edema in the spinal column.

72
Q

This arterial disease is more common in people than animals. It is the most common cause of heart infarcts in people.

A

atherosclerosis.

73
Q

What animal will you most commonly see artherosclerosis in? What causes it?

A

dog, hypothyroidism.

74
Q

T/F: artherosclerosis is a form of medial calcification (arteriosclerosis).

A

True.

75
Q

What becterial disease causes arterial mineralization? What nutritional toxicity?

A

Johne’s disease, Vitamin D toxicity

76
Q

What do you call local dilatation of a vessel?

A

aneurysm

77
Q

Aneurysms in vet med are usually associated with what?

A

trauma or copper deficiency.

78
Q

When and in what animal are you likely to see a ruputured uterine artery?

A

in aged mares during parturition. Usually these mares have low serum copper levels.

79
Q

the internal carotid artery can rupture in horses due to what?

A

guttural pouch mycosis (mycotic vasculitis)

80
Q

dissecting aneurysms in pigs are commonly due to what?

A

Copper deficiency.

81
Q

What is the difference between a thrombus and a clot?

A

A thrombus is opaque looking, rough, and has a granular surface. A clot is shiny and smooth.

82
Q

Thrombi in dogs are usually due to what?

A

Renal glomerular disease (due to a significant loss of anti-thrmobin III) and heartworm disease.

Path II Summer 2017 (5 decks)

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