cardiovascular

Question 0

What is endogenous cholesterol?

Answer 0

Synthesised in the LIVER,

Esterified and extruded

Question 1

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

Disease of the inside of the lumen (intima)
Results in formation of lesions or plaques
It’s is linked to the increased lipid concentration in blood
Can lead to hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol

Question 2

What us exogenous cholesterol?

Answer 2

Comes from food

Question 3

What are the 3 types of lipid lowering drugs?

Answer 3

Statins
Fibrates
Niacin

Question 4

What do statins do?

Answer 4

Prevent formation of cholesterol

Inhibit enzym

Question 5

What do fibrates do?

Answer 5

Activate transcription factor which controls lipid metabolism
Reduces concentration of triglycerides

Question 6

What does niacin do?

Answer 6

Binds to GPCRs
Inhibits lipolysis
Reduces release of fatty acids
Lowers LDL concentration in blood.

Question 7

What are bile acid binding resins?

Answer 7

Binds bile

Increases plasma cholesterol concentration

Question 8

What does ezetimibe do?

Answer 8

Inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine

Question 9

Aspirin

Answer 9

An antiplatelet
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Can cause GI BLEEDING and brain heammorage
Cox1 inhibitor (cox1 activated in platelet formation)

Question 10

Clopidognel

Answer 10

Blocks GPCRs
Decreases amount of cAMP
Can cause heammorage
ADP receptor antagonist (ADP is released with platelets - vasoconstriction)

Question 11

Dipyridamole

Answer 11

Activates phosphodiesteRase inhibitors (phosphodiesteRase brakes down cAMP)
IncreAses cAMP levels (opposite effect to clopidognel)
Causes vasodilation and inhibits platelet activation and aggregation

Question 12

What do anticoagulants do?

Answer 12

Interact with factor Xa

Direct thrombin inhibitors

Question 13

What are heparins?

Answer 13

Heterogenous family of mucopolysaccharides
Binds to antithrombins and enhances its actions (stopping thrombin formation)
Can inhibit thrombin and factor Xa
Thrombin contributes to blood clots

Question 14

What does rivaroxaban do?

Answer 14

Factor Xa inhibitor (Xa aids thrombin formation)
Long lasting action
No effect on thrombin or platelets
Can prevent pulmonary embolisms

Question 15

What does warfarin do?

Answer 15

Used for prevention and treatment of stroke and myocardial infarction 
Binds to albumin in plasma
Tetratogenic
Competes with vitamin K 
Thins blood
Prevents clotting

Question 16

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

Answer 16

Increase in mass of heart size becomes dilated and muscle thickens

Question 17

What is systolic failure?

Answer 17

Heart does not contract normally

Question 18

What is diastolic failure?

Answer 18

Heart chambers unable to fill properly and relax normally

Question 19

Treatments of heart failure drugs:

Answer 19

ACE inhibitors: captopril, enalopril, lisinopril
Beta blockers; carvedilol, bisoprolol, metoprolol
Diuretics

Question 20

ABCIXIMAB
Tirofiban
Eptifibatide

Answer 20

ABCIXIMAB (GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist)
Eptifibatide (GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist)
Tirofiban (GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist)