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243 Pain Flashcards

0
Q

Describe chronic pain

A

Pain lasting over 3-6 months
Pain that occurs after tissue healing has taken place
Pain persisting after the course of acute disease
E.gs arthritis, cancer, fibromyalgia

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1
Q

Describe acute pain

A

Pain that lasts less than 3-6 months

May be postoperative pain or result from acute injury

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2
Q

What are the three main classes of pain?

A

Nociceptive
Neuropathic
Inflammatory

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4
Q

What is the Nociceptive classification of pain?

A

Normal response to noxius insult (painful stimuli) or injury of tissues, skin, muscle joints, tendons
Nociceptors react in response to something
Somatic (cells) usually localised eg. Hitting finger
Visceral: organs and smooth muscle, often referred eg. Heart pain causing pain in arm

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5
Q

What is post herpetic neuralgia?

A

When pain persists in someone that’s already HAD shingles (herpes zoster)
Tingly and uncomfortable pain.
Part of neuropathic pain classification.

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6
Q

What is inflammatory pain?

A

Results from activation of the Nociceptive pain pathway by a variety of mediators released in tissue inflammation
Pro-inflammatory cytokines eg IL1 alpha, IL1 beta, IL6, TNF a

Examples are rheumatoid arthritis, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, herpes zoster (shingles- virus In nerve endings )

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7
Q

What are the 5 types of pain/ condition in the WHO classification of MuscoSkeletal disorders?

A 
Inflammatory rheumatoid diseases eg RA
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
Soft tissue periarticular disorders
Back pain
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8
Q

What are the types of pain that are hard to classify?

A

Cancer pain
Fibromyalgia
Migraine & other primary headaches

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9
Q

What causes Fibromyalgia?

A

The exact cause is unknown

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10
Q

What happens in people with fibromyalgia?

A

Disturbed pain messages
Low levels of hormones- dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin
Sleep problems
Pain in upper back and around collar bones mostly

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11
Q

What areas does the pain effect with fibromyalgia?

A

Pain in muscles and fibrous tissues, such as from tendons and Ligaments

NB: it does NOT affect the joints (not arthritis)

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12
Q

What are the pharmacological options for treatment of fibromyalgia?

A

Analgesics
Antidepressants

Drugs currently being looked at: Pramipexole, Pregabalin

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13
Q

Any non-pharmacological options for treating Fibromyalgia?

A

Balneotherapy (Hot Pool)
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Massages

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14
Q

First line treatment for Breakthrough pain?

A

ORAMORPH

An immediate release morphine

Consider if:
Intolerance to morphone
Unable to swallow
Rapid onset and short duration of BTP

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15
Q

What is the usual dose for breakthrough pain?

A

Between 1/6th -1/10th of the starting dose

Depends what is best for patient

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16
Q

Also used in Breakthrough pain but NOT first line?

A

Fentanyl products
Eg Actiq, abstral, Effentora

Consider if:
Intolerance to morphone
Unable to swallow
Rapid onset and short duration of BTP

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17
Q

Five types of Pain rating scales/ questionnaires you can think of?

A 
Verbal rating scale
Numerical rating scale
Visual analogue score
Visual recognition (Faces ) 
McGill pain Questionaire
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18
Q

What route of administration of analgesics should be used wherever possible?

A

ORAL administration

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19
Q

What’s the standardized dosage of pain medication such as stron opioids?

A

There isn’t one!!
Dosing of pain medication should be adapted to the individual
Every patient will respond differently
The correct dose is one that allows adequate relief of pain for that patient

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20
Q

Analgesics should be prescribed with a constant concern for detail. What does this mean?

A

The regularity of analgesic administration is crucial for the adequate treatment of pain.
Once distribution of medication over a day is established, it is good to provide a written personal program to the patient.
Patient family and medical staff will all have info on when to administer medicines

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21
Q

What is the WHO analgesic ladder ? (From 1-3)

A

1) paracetamol +/- NSAID
2) Step 1 + weak opioid
3) step 1+ strong opioid

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22
Q

What’s the WFSA analgesic ladder for ACUTE pain?

A

1) strong opioid by injection + local anaesthetic
2) opioids by mouth + paracetamol +/- NSAID
3) Paracetamol +/- NSAID

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23
Q

Step 2 of the WHO ladder is paracetamol + weak opioid. What weak opioid could be used?

A

Regular co-codamol

Dihydrocodeine

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24
Q

Step 3 of the WHO ladder involves Paracetamol + strong opioid. What strong opioid could be used?

A

Regular morphine

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25
Q

The newer version of the WHO pain ladder now includes some new additions.
What new additions are there to step 3?

A

(Strong opioids)
Methadone
Transdermal patch

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26
Q

The newer version of the WHO pain ladder now includes some new additions.
What does STEP 4 involve? (ADVANCED interventions)

A 
Nerve block
Epidurals
PCA pump
Neurolytic Block therapy
Spinal stimulators
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27
Q

What is an NNT?

A

The higher the NNT number, the LESS effective the drug is at pain relief.
NNT= 1, everyone gets pain relief, good drug
NNT= 16, only 1 in 16 patients get pain relief from this drug

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28
Q

What analgesics have LOW NNTs? (Therefore v effective)?

A

Diclofenac 100mg- but CV risks now! (NNT1.9)
Paracetamol 1g + Codeine 60 mg in combo (NNT 2.2)
Naproxen 440mg (NNT 2.3)
Oxycodone IR 15mg (NNT 2.3)

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29
Q

Would you consider codeine as a monotherapy?

A

No not really

NNT of codeine 60mg monotherapy= 16.7!

Paracetamol + codeine = 2.2 (much better!)

Paracetamol 1g monotherapy = 3.8

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30
Q

Will NNT usually increase or decrease with INCREASING the dose of analgesic? (Eg tramadol?)

A

Decrease

This is expected; higher dose = more pain relief = lower NNT= more patients experience pain relief from this drug

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31
Q

What are some common unwanted side effects of the opioids?

A

Constipation
Nausea and vomiting
Respiratory depression

32
Q

Is lower back pain acute or chronic pain?

A

Acute

33
Q

What’s an example of intermittent pain? I.e can’t really specify if acute or chronic?

A

Migraine

34
Q

TENs can be used to help chronic pain. What is this?

A

Electrical nervous stimulation machine
A machine used to stimulate nerves, place against the area with pain
Helps relieve pain without use of medication

35
Q

People with chronic pain often get a “vicious cycle” of problems. What does this involve?

A

Pain leads to anxiety and depression, which can make pain worse (lowers pain threshold) as well as affecting sleep. Lack of sleep increases pain
Muscle tension is increased by pain and can also contribute to more pain itself as well as anxiety and sleep problems!!!

36
Q

What agent is licensed for post-herpatic neuralgia?

A

Topical lidocaine (a local anesthetic)

This is questioned as an adjuvant, because it is directly used for pain

37
Q

What medication is licensed for pain in painful diabetic neuropathy?

A

Duloxetine

Oral amitryptyline if Duloxetine contraindicated

38
Q

What medication is licensed for Central and peripheral Neuropathic pain?

A

Pregabalin

39
Q

What is FIRST line for treatment of neuropathic pain?

A

Oral AMITRIPTYLINE or Pregabalin

40
Q

What are the doses for first line amitryptyline and Pregabalin in neuropathic pain?

A

Amitryptyline: start at 10mg per day
With a gradual upward titration to an effective dose or persons maximum tolerated dose. No higher than 75mg a day (gran was on 50mg!)

Pregabalin: start at 150mg a day (divided into 2 doses, a lower starting dose may be appropriate for some people), with upward titration to an effective dose or persons maximum tolerated dose of no higher than 600mg per day (divided into 2 doses)

41
Q

What is the dose of first line Duloxetine in painful diabetic neuropathy?

A

Start at 60mg a day

With upward titration to an effective dose or the persons maximum tolerated dose of no higher than 120mg per day

42
Q

What are adjuvant therapies?

A

Treatment given in addition to the main primary treatment (analgesic)
They’re not typically used for pain but may be helpful for its management

43
Q

Antidepressants are an example of an adjuvant. What kind of pain do they help? Example drugs?

A

Neuropathic pain
Burning pain

Amitryptyline, imipramine

44
Q

Muscle relaxants are an adjuvant. What drug examples are there?

A

These help Muscle spasms

Baclofen, diazepam, dantrolene

45
Q

What adjuvant therapy can be used for Colic pain and smooth muscle spasms?

A

Antispasmodics

Eg Hyoscine
Hydrobromide
Loperamide

46
Q

Bisphosphonates are as adjuvant in ______ pain.

A

Bone pain

Eg Clodronate

47
Q

What is a McKinley t34??

A

A SYRINGE DRIVER!!

You can use it to automatically set the pump mechanism to an infusion rate over a given time

48
Q

What’s a syringe driver?

A

A small battery operated device, it’s capable of pumping a volume of a solution over a period of time to provide a continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSCI)

49
Q

What problems can occur with syringe drivers?

A

Mixing drugs

Stability of drugs in solution/ over time

50
Q

Where’s the preferred site of Administration for syringe drivers?

A

Upper arm- first choice

Then chest wall, or abdomen

Then upper back

Then thigh

Goes in Via a subcutaneous infusion!!

51
Q

There’s a section in the BNF on syringe drivers! (Just look in index)

A

It’s common for 1-3 drugs to be used together as a single solution in a syringe driver.
In specialist centres up to 5 drugs can be mixed together.
Most drugs used in syringe drivers are being used ‘off-label’
(The manufacturer wouldn’t usually recommend SC route or mixing in a syringe driver)

52
Q

What’s the most common drug used in PCA?

A

Morphine 1mg/1ml in sodium chloride 0.9%

53
Q

If a syringe driver does not control symptoms of pain, the use of an intrathecal (spinal) or epidural route may be considered.
What is this?

A

Injection into area around spinal chord (epidural and intrathecal inject into different areas)
Numbs lower body.
A type of neuraxial blockade

54
Q

Who does the catheter for an epidural have to be inserted by?

A

By an anesthesist in theatre

55
Q

An epidural and intrathecal (spinal) are generally made up of what drugs?

A

An Opioid in combo with an anaesthetic such as bupivacaine or occasionally Ketamine or clonidine.

56
Q

The drug mixtures that go into an epidural and spinal must be ____ free and made under aseptic conditions

A

Preservative free

57
Q

What’s the difference between a spinal and an epidural?

A

Epidural involves a catheter, spinal usually just one shot injection
Space injected into is larger in an epidural
Injected dose therefore larger in epidural
Onset of analgesia slower in epidural
Injected into different regions
Can Contain different opioids (epidural usually fentanyl)

58
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

To do with somatosensory nervous system
Lesion/disease on nerves
Hyperalgesia, tingling (paraethesias), numbness

Examples: phantom limb, spinal chord injury, diabetic neuropathy, post-herpatic neuralgia

59
Q

Neuraxial blockade with epidural or spinal anaesthesia reduces the incidence of _________ and ____ month mortality in ____ fracture patients

A

incidence of Deep Vein Thrombosis and One month mortality in hip fracture patients

60
Q

Mortality has been seen to reduce by ______ of patients allocated neuraxial blockade

A

One third

61
Q

In a study what 7 things was neuraxial blockade seen to reduce?

A 
Risk of DVT
Pulmonary embolism
Transfusion requirements
Pneumonia 
Respiratory depression
Myocardial infarction 
Renal failure
62
Q

What has it been announced that Botox could do?

A

Help soothe pain of cancer, arthritis, and migraines without the side effects

63
Q

Where is the Botulinum (Botox) injection usually given to relieve pain?

A

Into a trigger point, an area in muscle where pain begins

It blocks messages that tell muscles to contract, so muscles stay relaxed an pain free

64
Q

When a person having had a Botox injection is ready for their muscles to contract again as it’s about to wear off, what can they do to ease them into it and stop it being a painful wear off?

A

Doing a Gentle course of daily exercise will sometimes help the muscle to contract normally which prevents pain from returning, prevents the recurrence of pain!

65
Q

Why are more people “dying in Agony” now that the Liverpool care pathway has been scrapped?

A

Because this pathway meant people at the end of their life we’re let to due by stopping giving them foods and liquids. Like a natural form of euthanasia.
Now people are left to live right up to then end of their life, which means they can die in agony.

66
Q

What is hyperanalgesia and Allodynia?

A

Hyperanalgesia: response to stimulus that is slightly painful but person thinks it’s extremely painful
Allodynia: pain due to a stimulus that isn’t usually painful eg. Tickling!

67
Q

Could a PPI be seen as an adjuvant therapy in pain?

A

Yes
Patient may be on it as they’re on an NSAID causing gastric irritation
Taking the PPI is seen as for a condition spurring from pain: so is adjuvant

68
Q

Are muscle relaxants good for acute or chronic pain?

A

Acute pain

Not so good for chronic

69
Q

Which are equivalent to the highest dose of morphine daily, transtec patched or Butrans?

A

Transtec patches
Release a higher dose of buprenorphine
Equivalent to much higher doses of morphine

70
Q

How long are transtec patched put on for? What about Butrans?

A

Transtec for 4 days

Butrans for 7 days

71
Q

How long are fentanyl patches put on for?

A

72 hours (3 days)

72
Q

What are PCA pumps commonly used for?

A

Post-operative pain management

And end stage cancer patients

73
Q

Tell me about Alfentanil,
What is it used for?
What’s about it’s potency?
Equivalence to 30mg oral morphine?

A

It’s about 30 X more potent that morphine (but Less potent than fentanyl)
It’s used for painful manouvres eg when a patient is moving beds.
Oral morphine 30mg is equivalent to SC Alfentanil 1mg
Alfentanil can come in a high conc preparation of 5mg/ml
Can get it in a sublingual / buccal spray that is 5mg/5ml
It’s a THRID LINE injectable opioid for moderate to sever pain in patient unable to tolerate morphine, diamorphine or oxycodone due to their side effects

74
Q

If I’m working out morphine equivalence, and my patch works out as a dose just under then desired dose of morphine, should I just give two patches (then it’ll be over the required dose)?

A

No!
Always go under the required dose if you can’t make it exactly as this reduces chance of toxicity and overdose!!
Can always add more in later if this dose isn’t sufficient

75
Q

What happens with opioids in someone with renal impairment?

A

THe effects are increased if renal impairment is under GFR 30ml/min, especially morphine and diamorphine as these will accumulate

76
Q

When someone is “unable to tolerate opioids such as morphine, diamorphine, oxycodone due to persistent side effects” what are these side effects?

A

Sedation
Confusion
Hallucinations

Pharmacy flashcards (52 decks)

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