Cardiovascular Flashcards
What are the loops of general circulation?
Pulmonary circulation: lower pressure, from heart to lungs and back; Systemic circulation: higher pressure, from heart to body and back
What is the standard flow of blood and what are exceptions to this?
Blood flows once through capillaries before returning to the heart; portal systems are the exception (2 capillary beds) and there are 2: hypothalamico-hypophyseal and hepatic
Where is the heart located?
Between the 3rd and 6th intercostal space
What are the vessels that contribute to inflow, outflow, and features of the right atrium?
Inflow: cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava, and coronary sinus (venous return from the heart); outflow-AV orifice/valve; features: intervenous tubercle (divert inflowing blood from vena cavae to the AV orifice) and pectinate muscles (strengthen atrial walls)
What are the vessels that contribute to inflow, outflow, and features of the right ventricle?
Inflow: AV orifice; outflow: pulmonary trunk orifice; features: conus arteriosus (funnel-shaped part leading to pulmonary trunk), papillary (cone shaped muscular projections that give rise to chordae tendinae), chordae tendinae (prevent eversion of the AV valve), trabeculae carneae (myocardial ridges on the ventricular wall), trabecula septomarginalis (conducts Purkinje fibers across ventricular lumen)
What are the vessels that contribute to inflow, outflow, and features of the left atrium?
Inflow: pulmonary veins, outflow: AV valve, features: pectinate muscles (in AURICLE), left auricle
What are the vessels that contribute to inflow, outflow, and features of the left ventricle?
Inflow: AV orifice; outflow: aortic orifice; features: conus arteriosus (funnel-shaped part leading to the aortic arch), papillary (cone shaped muscular projections that give rise to chordae tendinae), chordae tendinae (prevent eversion of AV valve), trabeculae carneae (myocardial ridges that strengthen the ventricular wall)
What are the coronary arteries?
Left coronary artery: circumflex branch–> subsinuosal interventricular branch, paraconal interventricular branch, septal branch; R coronary artery
What are the cardiac veins?
Great cardiac vein, middle vein, coronary sinus
What are the heart sounds and problems associated with them?
S1: “Lub”, closure of AV valves, if there is a leaky sound then there is a murmur in the systole and a stenotic sound is a murmur in the diastole; S2: “Dub”, closure of semilunar valves, if there is a leaky sound then there is a murmur in the diastole and if there is a stenotic sound then there is a murmur in systole
What are the points of maximal intensity?
Pulmonary: low in left 3rd intercostal space; aortic: high in left 4th intercostal space, Left AV: low in L 5th, R AV: low in R 4th-5th
What are the two lymphatic routes?
Thoracic duct-receives lymph from 3/4 of the body; right lymphatic duct-receives lymph from 1/4 of the body, head, neck, right thoracic limb and shoulder
What are the 2 unique features of the fetal system?
1) the lungs are shrunken, nonfunctional, and resist blood flow 2) oxygenation and nutrient-waste exchange occur in the placenta, separate from the fetus
What are the specific fetal structures?
Pair of umbilical arteries, single umbilical vein that uses the ductus venosus in the liver as a channel to pass through, foramen ovale in the interatrial septum to allow blood to pass from the right to the left atrium directly and a ductus arteriosus that is a vascular connection between the pulmonary trunk and aorta
What are the changes that occur in birth?
1) The lungs inflate which reduces the blood resistance and increases blood flow, so the venous return to the left atrium results in the foramen ovale closure to become the fossa ovalis 2) Oxygen concentration increases and causes smooth muscle contraction so the umbilical arteries become the round ligament of the bladder, the umbilical vein becomes the round ligament of the liver, the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum, and the ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
