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Gross Anatomy > Abdominal Cavity > Flashcards

Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Passageway for the descent of testes and spermatic cord or vaginal process, has the cremaster muscle, external pudendal artery/vein, genitofemoral nerve, efferent duct of superficial inguinal lymph node

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2
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

slit like opening in the aponeurosis of external abdominal obliques

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3
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring?

A

Triangular opening with the cranial border as the internal abdominal obliques, medial as the rectus abdominis, and caudal as the inguinal ligament

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4
Q

What does the abdominal cavity have?

A

stomach–>descending colon, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, female repro tract, nerve plexuses, vessels, lymph nodes, omentums

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5
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Line formed by aponeurotic insertions of abdominal muscles, originates at he xiphoid cartilage, blends with prepubic tendon, inserts on pelvic symphysis

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6
Q

What needs to be sutured after surgery?

A

Rectus sheath

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7
Q

What should never be sutured?

A

Rectus abdominis

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8
Q

What is peritoneum?

A

Largest and most complex serous membrane; in the male it is a closed sac and in the female it opens into the peritoneal cavity via ovarian bursa by the abdominal ostium; it reduces friction between parts and is underlined by transverse fascia

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9
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Forms parietal vaginal tunic of spermatic cord and vaginal process; the vaginal rings is where the peritoneal cavity is continuous with the cavity of the vaginal tunic

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10
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

It covers the organs

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11
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

It is between the two peritoneums and has small amounts of serous fluid but no organs; where the ova ovulates; has the greater and lesser sacs as well as the epiploic foramen

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12
Q

What are the pelvic peritoneal pouches?

A

Pararectal fossa, rectogenital, vesicogenital, and pubovesical

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13
Q

What is mesentery?

A

Double layer of peritoneum that suspends most abdomen organs to the wall; also the route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics; can have lymph nodes, has a root attached to the wall with cranial mesenteric artery, lymphatics, and nerve plexus

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14
Q

What is the dorsal mesentery?

A

Suspends abdominal organs, divided into segments that are about equal to the GI tract, includes the greater omentum, all intestine stuff

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15
Q

What is ventral mesentery?

A

It is derived from ventral mesogastrium, has the lesser omentum, falciform ligament/umbilical vein, median ligament of urinary bladder/urachus, and antimesenteric folds/ligaments/ileocecal fold

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16
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

It is areolar, 4 layers, has a superficial leaf with the spleen, gastrosplenic ligament; has a deep leaf with the L lobe of the pancreas and the space between the two is the omental bursa

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17
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

Covers the papillary process of the caudate lobe, has hepatogastric ligament, has the hepatoduodenal ligament (separated by the bile duct from the mesoduodenum)

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18
Q

What is the epiploic foramen?

A

A hole leading from the omental bursa to the peritoneal cavity, the dorsal border being the caudal vena cava, the ventral border being the portal vein, and the lateral border being the caudate process of the liver; this is the most common site for the extrahepatic portosystemic shunt

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19
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Sac shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal between esophagus and the duodenum; cant palpate an empty stomach because it’s separated from the abdominal wall, can palpate a full or greatly distended stomach

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20
Q

What are the surfaces of the stomach?

A

Parietal-not covered by greater omentum, in contact with the liver and diaphragm; visceral-in contact with the intestines and the pancreas and covered by greater omentum

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21
Q

What are the different regions of the stomach?

A

Cardiac portion-where food first enters, fundus-blind sac dorsal to the cardiac, body, pyloric portion-end of the stomach (with antrum which is thinner and wider, and canal which is thick walled and narrow); greater curvature which is convex, lesser curvature which is concave, cardiac ostium which is the inlet controlled by the cardiac sphincter, the pyloric ostium which is the outlet controlled by the pyloric sphincter; cardiac and angular notches, gastric groove, rugae

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22
Q

What are the ligaments in the abdominal cavity?

A

Hepatogastric, hepatoduodenal (lesser omentum), gastrosplenic, gastrophrenic, falciform, coronary (surrounds caudal vena cava, connects triangular to falciform), triangular (attaches R/L lateral lobe to R/L crus of diaphragm), hepatorenal (to R kidney)

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23
Q

What does the mesoduodenum include?

A

R lobe of the pancreas

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24
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Part of the small intestines, covered by greater omentum, covers all quadrants, suspended by the mesojejunum

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25
Q

What are the most important things to remember about the ileum?

A

It goes from L caudal to R caudal quadrants, its length is determined by the antimesenteric ileal artery and ileocecal fold, has an ileocolic orifice with papilla

26
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Blind end of the large intestine, attached by the ileocecal fold, has a cecocolic orifice, does not communicate with the ileum directly, does not have a vermiform appendix, and is where whipworms are found

27
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Located in the pararectal fossa, covered by peritoneum and suspended by mesorectum, the caudal portion is retroperitoneal and has rectal ampulla

28
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

Short, terminal part of the alimentary canal, has a columnar zone with anorectal line, anal collums that are longitudinal folds, and anal sinus which are grooves; intermediate zone which is also known as the anocutaneous line, and the cutaneous zone which has circumanal glands opening to the outer part and anal sacs opening to the inner part

29
Q

What is the liver?

A

Largest gland in the body, makes bile, has carb/fat.protein metabolism, inactivates hormones, detoxifies foreign substances and therapeutic agents. Old age shows atrophy of liver, not palpable and has its right lateral and caudate process over right kidney

30
Q

What are the surfaces of the liver?

A

Parietal-in contact with the caudal portion of the diaphragm, visceral-in contact with stomach, duodenum, R kidney, colon, spleen

31
Q

What are the lobes of the liver and how do you biopsy it?

A

Left lateral, left medial, quadrate, R medial, R lateral, caudate (has caudate process and papillary process). Biopsy to the left of the xiphoid process

32
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Between quadrate and R medial lobes, stores bile; bile goes out through the cystic duct and it is joined by the hepatic ducts and becomes the bile duct (enters into the major duodenal papilla with the pancreatic duct)

33
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Has L lobe in the deep leaf of the greater omentum and is the most common site for biopsy; body; R lobe which is in the mesoduodenum and stops at he caudal duodenal flexure

34
Q

What are the pancreatic ducts?

A

Smaller in the dog, drains the R lobe of the liver and L of the pancreas and opens into the major duodenal papilla by the sphincter of Oddi; the accessory pancreatic duct is larger in the dog and only present in 20% of felines and opens in the minor duodenal papilla

35
Q

What is the spleen?

A

Has parietal surface which faces the diaphragm and left abdominal wall, visceral faces the stomach and intestines and has a hilus which lets the artery and vein pass through

36
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Unpaired visceral-celiac, cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric, paired visceral-renal, testicular, ovarian; paired other-Phrenicoabdominal, lumbar segmentals, deep circumflex iliac, external iliac, internal iliac

37
Q

What are the root vessels of the portal vein?

A

Splenic, cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric

38
Q

How does blood get from the portal vein to the caudal vena cava?

A

Goes from portal vein to the liver sinusoids, to the central vein, to the sublobular vein, to the hepatic vein, to the caudal vena cava

39
Q

How would the blood bypass the liver and go straight from the portal vein to the caudal vena cava?

A

Portosystemic shunts, either extrahepatic or intrahepatic

40
Q

Does urine duration change?

A

No it doesn’t depend on body size

41
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

It’s a system that lie in the abdominal and pelvic cavities and is anatomically linked with the genital system (shares urethra which runs through the penis or joins vagina)

42
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

Produce renin (regulates blood pressure) and erthropoietin (increases RBC production), retroperitoneal except for ventral surface, R kidney is less variable

43
Q

What are the parts of the kidney?

A

Renal hilus-indented medial border; renal sinus-from the hilus, contains the renal pelvis, fat, vessels, nerves; renal pelvis-dilation of ureters where it passes urine after receiving it from the papillary ducts; pelvic recess-curved diverticula, project into parenchyma between pyramids; fibrous capsule-made of mostly collagen on the visceral surface of the kidney by connective tissue; renal cortex-outer layer of parenchyma and has a granular appearance due to corpuscles; renal medulla-striated appearance due to medullary rays; renal crest-free edge of medulla facing pelvis, formed by fusion of renal papillae; renal papillae-apex of renal pyramid and seen in paramedian sections; renal pyramid-represents lobes of kidneys, seen in paramedian sections

44
Q

What are the blood supplies of the kidneys?

A

Abdominal aorta->renal->interlobar->arcuate->straight->medullary capillary plexus->straight v->arcuate v->interlobar->renal->caudal vena cava; abdominal aorta->renal->interlobar->arcuate->interlobular->afferent arterioles->efferent arterioles->cortical capillary plexus->interlobular v->arcuate->interlobar->renal->caudal vena cava

45
Q

What are ureters?

A

Narrow muscular tubes, carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, length of ureter determined by the size of the animal, has an abdominal and a pelvic part, bends medially to enter the genital fold in the male or the broad ligament in the female and enters the bladder obliquely; prevents the reflux into ureter when intravesical pressure rises; doesnt prevent further filling of bladder because resistance overcome by peristaltic contractions of ureteric wall

46
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

apex-blind end of the bladder at the cranial part, has scar tissue, remnant of the urachus; body, neck; not covered by greater omentum; lateral ligament contains round ligament of the bladder which has the remnants of the umbilical arteries, median ligament has the remnant of the urachus

47
Q

What divide the scrotum externally?

A

Scrotal raphe

48
Q

What is different about the cat scrotum?

A

Lies on the caudally facing penis and ventral to anus

49
Q

What are the layers of the testis?

A

scrotal skin, tunica dartos, external spermatic fascia, internal spermatic fascia, parietal vaginal tunic, visceral vaginal tunic, tunica albuginea

50
Q

What are the attachments of the testis?

A

Proper ligament-attaches the testis to the tail of the epididymis, ligament of the tail of the epididymis-attaches the tail to the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia, scrotal ligament-attaches the tunica dartos and the tail of the epididymis; all three are remnants of the gubernaculum

51
Q

Where does the body of the epididymis go?

A

Runs along dorsolateral surface of testis

52
Q

What are the details of the epididymis?

A

It continues as the ductus deferens craniodorsally, medial end is attached to the testis by the mesorchium (part of visceral vaginal tunic) that forms testicular bursa; enters in the vaginal ring and to genital fold

53
Q

What does the testicular vein form?

A

Pampiniform plexus

54
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

It begins at the vaginal ring and passes through the inguinal canal; anatomical includes the: ductus deferens and vessels, testicular artery/vein/nerve plexus, lymphatics, mesoductus deferens, and mesorchium; the clinical includes all of the above and the cremaster muscle as well as the parietal vaginal tunic

55
Q

What are the accessory sex glands in the male?

A

Prostate (has colliculus seminalis) and ampullary gland

56
Q

What are the parts of the penis?

A

Root-crura and bulb, body-adjacent corpus cavernosum, glans-bulbus glandis (locks during sex) and pars longa glandis; in non erect state the glans is withdrawn into prepuce

57
Q

What does the broad ligament contain?

A

Contains vessels, nerves, fat, mesosalpinx, mesovarium (these first two make up ovarian bursa), mesometrium; is a remnant of the gubernaculum

58
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Runs in the free border of the mesometrium from ovary to inguinal canal

59
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

Runs from the ventral last rib to the ventral aspect of the ovary

60
Q

What is the proper ligament of the ovary?

A

Caudal continuation of the suspensory ligament attaching ovary to uterine horn

61
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Endocrine gland producing estrogen and progesterone, also produces oocyte, smooth before estrus

62
Q

What is the uterine tube?

A

Also called oviduct, Fallopian tube, or salpinx, transports the oocyte to the uterus; has fimbriae that are fingerlike projections that capture an oocyte; has an infundibulum that has an abdominal ostium where fertilisaton takes place; has uterine ostium which is an opening of the uterine tube into the horn of the uterus and is external at the tubouterine junction

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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