Cardiovascular Flashcards
What class is Heparin?
Anticoagulant
What class is Apresoline?
Vasodilator (antihypertensive)
What class is Mevacor?
Antihypertensive
What class is Plavix?
Platelet Inhibitor
What class is Capoten?
ACE inhibitor
What class is Lanoxin (dig)?
Cardiac Glycoside
What class is Bumex?
Diuretic
What is Bumex given for?
Edema
What is digoxin given for?
Afib and heart failure
What is Heparin given for?
Anticoagulation therapy
What is Apresoline given for?
Hypertension
What is Mevacor given for?
Coronary ateriosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia
What is Plavix given for?
MI, CVA, and peripheral artery disease
What is Capoten given for?
CHF, HTN, LV dysfunction (following MI) and diabetic neuropathy
What is the normal Cardiac Output for an adult?
4-8 liters per minute
How is cardiac index calculated?
Cardiac output divided by body surface area
What is the range of normal cardiac index?
2.8-4.2
What is preload?
The volume of blood that enters the ventricles at the end of diastole
What is afterload?
Afterload is the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump
What is cardiac reserve?
Cardiac reserve is the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond to stress, illness, exercise, etc and provide three or four times the cardiac output on demand
Beta-Adrenergic receptors receive which two SNS hormones?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Stimulation of the Parasympathetic nervous system has what effect on the cardiac system?
Mediated by the vagus nerve, it causes a decrease in HR and BP
Baroreceptors are located where?
In the aortic arch and the carotid sinus
Baroreceptors do what?
They respond to stretch and send intel to the vasomotor center in the brain, which tells inhibits the SNS and tells the parasympathetic system to slow down HR and BP
What is the name for increased arterial CO2?
Hypercapnia
What is pulse pressure?
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures
What MAP is needed to adequately perfuse the bodies organs?
A MAP greater than 60
What would distended neck veins in a patient indicate?
Elevated right atrial pressure and/or right-sided heart failure
What would central cyanosis indicate?
Inadequate arterial O2
What would splinter hemorrhages indicate?
Infective endocarditis What causes
What would clubbed fingernails mean?
COPD, long-term O2 insufficiency, or endocarditis
What would color changes in the extremities with postural changes indicate?
Chronic decreased arterial perfusion
What is a possible cause of ulcers in a pt?
Poor venous return, varicose veins, incompetent venous values, arteriosclerosis, or diabetes
What causes varicose veins?
incompetent values in a vein
What causes a bounding pulse?
hyperkinetic states (like anxiety or fever), anemia, or hyperthyroidism
What causes a thready pulse?
blood loss, decreased cardiac output, aortic valve disease, peripheral artery disease
What causes a thrill/bruit?
Aneurysm, aortic regurgitation, arteriovenous fistual
What causes a displaced point of maximal impact?
left ventricular dilation
What is S3?
“ventricular gallop”; a low-pitched extra heart sound heard in early diastole
What is S4?
“atrial gallop”; a low-pitched extra heart sound heard in late diastole
What causes a pericardial friction rub?
pericarditis
What is CK-MB?
CK-MB is a cardiac isozyme that is released when myocardial tissue is injured.
What CK-MB levels indicate MI?
Greater than 4-6%
What time frame would you expect to see elevated CK-MB levels in (post MI)?
Serum levels rise within 4-6 hours after an MI
What is the indicator of preference for MI?
Troponin
What level of troponin T indicates cardiac damage?
Greater than 0.1%
What level of troponin I indicates cardiac damage?
Less than 0.5 is normal, 0.5-2.3 is suspicious for injury, greater than 2.3 is conclusive for cardiac injury
What is myoglobin?
A low-molecular-weight protein that is very sensitive to cardiac injury.
What time frame does myoglobin operate on?
Serum concentrations rise within 30-60 minutes after MI
What is C-reactive protein?
A marker of inflammation that can predict risk of cardiac disease and cardiac events
What is a low-risk C-reactive protein?
less than 1
What would a moderate risk C-reactive protein be?
1-3
What would be a high risk C-reactive protein?
greater than 3
