Cardiovascular Flashcards
When would you use rhythm control in the management of AF?
If there is coexistent heart failure, first onset AF or an obvious reversible cause
What is the diagnosis?
Aortic dissection (type A) - an intraluminal tear has formed a ‘flap’ that can be clearly seen in the ascending aorta
How do thiazide diuretics cause hypokalaemia?
Thiazide diuretics work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) by blocking the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl symporter
Delivery of sodium to the distal part of the distal convoluted tubule is increased → increased sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions
What ECG changes are seen in hypokalaemia?
- Prominent U waves
- Small or absent T waves (occasionally inversion)
- Prolonged PR
- ST depression
- Long QT
How does Conn’s syndrome/bilateral adrenal hyperplasia cause hypokalaemia?
Due to increased levels of aldosterone, there is more sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and an increase in the excretion of potassium (hence hypokalemia)
This also leads to volume expansion, and increased blood pressure
Describe the initial drug management for all patients with ACS
- Aspirin 300mg
- Oxygen if sats < 94%
- Morphine only if patient in severe pain
- Nitrates (caution if hypotensive)
How would you manage an NSTEMI patient who is clinically unstable (e.g. hypotensive)?
- Unfractionated heparin
- Immediate coronary angiography with follow-on PCI if necessary
What drug would you give to an NSTEMI patient who is not at a high risk of bleeding and who is not having angiography immediately?
Fondaparinux
How would you manage an NSTEMI patient with a GRACE score > 3%?
Coronary angiography with follow-on PCI if necessary within 72 hours
How would you convervatively manage a patient with an NSTEMI/unstable angina?
Further antiplatelet (‘dual antiplatelet therapy’, i.e. aspirin + another drug)
- If the patient is not at a high risk of bleeding: ticagrelor
- If the patient is at a high risk of bleeding: clopidogrel
What diagnosis does the ECG suggest?
MI - massive ST elevation with associated hyperacute T waves in the anterior leads suggestive of an ongoing myocardial infarction
How long should a patient with an ‘unprovoked’ DVT be on anticoagulation?
6 months
What CHA2DS2-VASC score indicates a need for anticoagulation?
Men: CHA2DS2-VASc >= 1
Women CHA2DS2-VASc >= 2
What are the components of the CHA2DS2-VASc score?
What is the surgical invention of choice for mitral stenosis?
Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy
What clinical findings are associated with mitral stenosis?
- Rumbling mid-late diastolic murmur, best heard in expiration
- Loud S1
- Opening snap after S2
- Low volume pulse
- Malar flush
How does mitral stenosis present?
- Hx of rheumatic fever
- Dyspnoea
- Orthopnoea
- Haemoptysis
- AF
A 58-year-old female on the respiratory ward was admitted with a pulmonary embolism one week ago and was started on warfarin at the time of diagnosis. She was covered with low molecular weight heparin until the INR was > 2 for 24 hours. For the past week she has been taking 4mg of warfarin and her INR four days ago was 2.2. Her INR has been checked today and is 1.3.
What is the most appropriate action to take?
Increase dose of warfarin to 6mg and start LMWH
As her INR is < 2 she needs immediate anti-coagulation with rapid acting low molecular weight heparin. Her warfarin dose should also be increased to 6mg. Her INR should be carefully monitored and the LMWH discontinued when has adequate anti-coagulation.
A 76-year-old man is seen by his GP. He recently had an ambulatory blood pressure monitor which showed frequent readings above 160/95 mmHg. The man has a background of well controlled heart failure (New York Heart Association stage 2) and chronic kidney disease. He takes ramipril, bisoprolol and atorvastatin; he has been established on this regime for one year and doses have been optimised.
What would be the most appropriate next step?
Add a calcium channel blocker (e.g. amlodipine) or a thiazide-like diuretic e.g. indapamide)
What is the first line investigation for PE?
CTPA
When would you DC cardiovert a patient wtih a tachyarrhythmia?
Systolic BP < 90 mmHg
What is the most likely diagnosis?
PE - shows a large saddle embolus
What is the investigation of choice in a patient with suspected PE who has renal impairment?
V/Q scan
How many sets of blood cultures are required to make a diagnosis of infective endocarditis?
3