CARDIORESPIRATORY - CARDIAC DISEASE & SURGERY Flashcards
What is CVD ?
Cardiovascular Disease is a general term for conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels.
( also associated with damage to the arteries of the brain / kidney / eyes )
What are the different types of CVD ?
- CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)
- PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE (PVD)
- AORTIC DISEASE
- CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENTS
What is CHD ?
and name some CHD.
CHD ( ischaemic heart disease ), its a disease where the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed.
- ANGINA
- MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- HEART FAILURE
What is Angina ?
Its a chest pain due to an inadequate supply of O2 to the heart.
What are the different types of ANGINA ?
- ) STABLE
- Happens at predictable times ( exercise / stress ).
- ) UNSTABLE
- Happens when no particular demand is being placed on the heart.
- ) VARIANT
- When a coronary artery goes into spasm.
- ) MICROVASCULAR
- Affects the very smallest vessels.
What is MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ?
Its when the blood supplying the O2 to the heart is severely reduced or cut off.
( This results in Ischaemia of the heart muscle and scar formation )
Name the different kinds of symptoms of someone having a Heart attack.
(MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
- ARRYTHMIAS
- THROMBUS FORMATION
- PAIN / PRESSURE / DICOMFORT
- FEELING OUT OF BREATH
- DIZZY
- SWEATING / COLD
Name some Treatments available for someone with MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
( depends on severity of symptoms )
- DRUGS ( beta blockers / vasodilators )
- CARDIAC CATHERISATION
- CABG
- STENT
What is HEART FAILURE ?
Its when the heart is unable to adequately pump blood around the body usually because the heart has become stiff / weak.
What are the different Causes of Heart Failure ?
- MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- HTN
- DAMAGED VALVES
- ARRYTHMIAS
- VIRAL INFECTION
- CHEMOTHERAPY
- THYROID DISEASE
- ANAEMIA
What are the Treatments available for someone who had a Heart Failure.
( aims to control the symptoms as there is no cure )
- DIURETIC
- PACEMAKER ( implantable cardioverter defibrillator )
What happens to the valves of someone with a Heart Valve Disease.
- ) VALVES NOT FULLY OPEN
- restricting blood flow = stenosis ( narrowing ) - ) VALVES DOESNT CLOSE PROPERLY
- blood flows backwards.
What are the causes of a HEART VALVE DISEASE ?
- CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
- RHEUMATIC FEVER
- MYOCARDIAC INFARCT
- AGING
- CARDIOMYOPATHY
What are the different types of HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT ?
- ) MECHANICAL ( pyrolytic carbon )
- Its long lasting 15-25 y
- Patient requires long term anticoagulants medication - ) TISSUE ( bioprosthetic )
- It’ll last 10-20 y
- It comes from an animal donor - ) DONOR
- last about 10-20 y - ) ROSS PROCEDURE
- Aortic valve is replaced with pulmonary valve which is subsequently replaced.
How is the Valve Replacement Procedure done ?
- ) General Anaesthesia
- ) Incision to the heart is made, allowing surgeons to see the valve.
- ) Diseased valve is then removed and the size for the new valve is determined.
4.) Once the size has been determined, valve is stitched around the annulus and seated
into place.
5.) SALINE is then flushed through the valve to check it’s competency.
6.) Heart is closed up, patient is taken off the Heart & Lung machine to restore normal
function.
