CardioPulmonary Pharmacology Flashcards
What are Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
medication to reduce peripheral vascular tone by blocking alpha-1-adrenergic receptors causing a dilation of arterioles and veins to decrease BP
Examples: doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin
What are Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
meds used to decrease BP by suppressing the enzyme that converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
Examples: captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril
What are Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonist Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
meds used to bock angiotensin 2 receptors to limit vasoconstriction and stimulation of vascular tissue in order to treat HTN and heart failure
Examples: losartan, candesartan, valsartan
What are the 4 classes of Antiarrythmic Agents?
Class 1- sodium channel blockers which control cardiac excitation and conduction
Class 2- beta blockers which inhibit sympathetic activity by blocking b-adrenergic receptors
Class 3- potassium channel blockers which prolong repolarization by inhibiting both potassium and sodium channels and are often considered the most effective antiarrythmic agents
Class 4- calcium channel blockers whic slow conduction of the AV node
What are Anti-Coagulant Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
meds used to inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation
Examples: heparin, warfarin, and enoxaparin
What are Anti-Hyperlipidemia Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
meds that reduces lipid levels the most common being the statin class drugs which break down LDL cholesterol, increase HDL cholesterol and decrease triglyceride levels
Examples: atorvastatin, simvastatin, and fenofibrate
What are Anti-Thrombotic (Anti-platelet) Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
inhibit platelet aggregation and clot formation to prevent clots and thrombus formation in arteries
Examples: Aspirin, clopidogrel, and dipyridamole
What are Beta-Blocker Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
decrease the myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing HR and contractility by blocking B-adrenergic receptors to treat HTN, arrythmias, and heart failure
Examples: atenolol, metoprolol, propanolol
What are Calcium Channel Blocker Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
decrease the entry of calcium into vascular smooth muscle cells resulting in diminished myocardial contraction, vasodilation, and decreased oxygen demand of the heart to treat HTN, CHF, and arrythmias
Examples: Amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem
What are Diuretic Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
increase excretion of sodium and urine that causes a reduction in plasma volume which decreases BP
Examples: chlorothiazide, furosemide, triamterene
What are Nitrate Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
decrease ischemia through smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of peripheral vessels to reduce headaches, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, and reflex tachycardia
Examples: nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and amyl nitrite solution for inhalation
What are Positive Inotropic Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
increase the force and velocity of myocardial contraction, slow HR, decrease conduction velocity through AV node and decrease the degree of activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Example: digoxin
What are Thrombolytic Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
facilitate clot dissolution through conversion of plasminogen to plasmin which breaks down clots and allows occluded vessels to reopen to maintain blood flow
Examples: urokinase and alteplase
What are Anti-Histamine Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
block the affects of histamine resulting in a decrease in nasal congestion, mucosal irritation, and symptoms of the common cold
Examples: benadryl (diphenhydramine), Allegra (fexofenadine), Zyrtec (cetirizine HCL), and Claritin (loratadine)
What are Anti-Inflammatory Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
meds that help reduce inflammatory-mediated bronchoconstriction by inhibiting production of inflammatory cells and suppressing release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, prostaglandins, and leikotrienes and reversing capillar permeability
Examples: corticosteroids such as beclomethasone diproprionate, budesonide, and flunisolide
What are the 3 main types of anti-inflammatory agents?
corticosteroids, leukotriene modifier, and mast-cell stabilizer
What are Bronchodilator Agents and what are they used for?
relieve bronchospasm by stimulating the receptors that cause bronchial smooth muscle relaxation or by blocking the receptors that trigger bronchoconstriction
What are Expectorant Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
increase respiratory secretions which help to loosen mucus which improves the efficiency of the cough reflex and of ciliary action in removing accumulated secretions
Examples: Mucinex (guaifenesin) and terpin hydrate
What are Mucolytic Agents and what are they used for?
What are some examples of this type of medication?
decrease the viscosity of mucus secretions making them easier to expectorate, this medication is administered by a nebulizer
Examples: dornase alpha, mucosil or mucomyst (acetylcysteine)
If a drug ends in “pril” what is it’s most likely category?
ACE inhibitors
Examples: lisinopril, fosinopril, benazepril, and captopril
If a drug ends in “-zide” or “-zone” what is it’s most likely category?
Diuretic
Example: hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, metalzone, and chlorthalizone
If a drug ends in “-olol” whiat is it’s most likely category?
Beta-Blocker
Examples” metoprolol, propanolol, atenolol
Id a drug ends in “-pine” what is it’s most likely category?
Calcium Channel Blocker
Examples: Amlodipine and Felodipine
