Cardiopulmonary Flashcards
During systole, the ______ chambers of the heart (contract/relax)
ventricular; contract
During diastole, the _____ chambers of the heart (contract/relax)
ventricular; relax
Disorder that leads to inadequate system circulation, pulmonary congestion, and low cardiac output; includes difficulty breathing, anxiety, cerebral hypoxia, and fatigue/weakness
Congestive (left sided) heart failure
Disorder that leads to inadequate blood return from system circulation, jugular vein distension, peripheral edema, cyanotic nail beds, jaundice, and LE edema
Right sided heart failure
Describe the functional categories of cardiac disease (New York Heart Association (NYHA)
Class I: no limitation in physical activity
Class II: slight limitation in ordinary physical activity, comfortable at rest
Class III: marked limitation in less than ordinary physical activity, comfortable at rest
Class IV: inability to carry out physical activity without discomfort
Describe the objective classifications of cardiac disease
Class A: no evidence of diseases, symptoms, limitations
Class B: evidence of minimal disease, mild symptoms, light limitations
Class C: moderate/severe disease, marked limitations, only comfortable at rest
Class D: severe disease and limitations with symptoms at rest
Surgical intervention where a small balloon tipped catheter is run through the femoral artery to the coronary artery to open the vessels with placement of a intraventricular stent
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PCTA)
Surgical intervention where the coronary artery is circumvented using anastomosing graft; deconditioning is common
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Arterial disease with diminished bloody supply to extremities with pulse decreased or absent (typically LE’s); in early stages there is intermittent claudication relieved with rest; in late stages there is resting pain and muscle atrophy
Occlusive peripheral artery disease
Arterial disease with inflammation of small arteries and veins; starts distally and progresses proximally in UEs and LEs; leads to pain, paresthesia, cold, poor temperature sensation, ulceration, and gangrene; affects young males who smoke
Thomboangitis Obliterans (buergers disease)
Venous disease with inflammation of veins and formation of thrombus with progressive inflammation, tenderness to palpation, changes in LE color, temperature, circumference, and appearance; life threatening and requires immediate medical attention
Deep vein thombosis (DVT)
A common disease secondary to Tuberculosis that causes vertebral collapse and spinal compression
Roods disease
COPD leads to (increased/decreased) expiratory rate
decreased
To improve respiratory rate for an individual with COPD, what should you instruct them to do?
breathe out on exertion, lean forward, talk during therapy
Chronic obstructive disease with permanent abnormal enlargement of air space which damages functional units of gas exchange; lungs lose elasticity. Symptoms include dyspnea, poor exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase and turning reddish in color
Emphysema
chronic progressive lung disease characterized by production of abnormal mucous that become thick and sticky; impacts exercise, nutrition, and development
Cystic fibrosis
Normal heart rate for infants and adults
120 bpm (infants); 60-100 (adults)
Normal blood pressure for infants, 6 year olds, and adults
75/50 (infants) 105/60 (6 years) 120/80 (adults)
Normal respiratory rate for infants and adults
40 br/min (infants) 12-20 br/min (adults)
Condition resulting in decreased blood pressure as a result of positional changes; change in 20 systolic and 10 diastolic requires attention
Otrhostatic hypotension
MET level characterized by performing light upper body tasks for a short period of time
Stage I: 1.0 - 1.5
MET level characterized by seated ADLs, easy transfers, and slow ambulation; acute care assessment would start here
Stage 2: 1.5 - 2.0
MET level characterized by performing seated ADLs and IADLs for an extended period of time; warm showers;
Stage 3: 2.0 - 3.0
MET level characterized by slow ambulation as tolerated and light IADLs; standing warm shower; discharge from acute care at the end of this stage
Stage 4: 3.0 - 3.5
MET level characterized by performing medium IADLs in standing (dishes, laundry, carrying)
Stage 5: 3.5 - 4.0
MET level characterized by performing moderate activity (changing linens, gardening); standing hot shower; start outpatient therapy at this stage
Stage 6: 4.0 - 5.0
MET level characterized by heavy IADLs and sexual activity
5.0 - 6.0
Pulmonary condition characterized by insufficient production of surfactant to keep aveoli open; lung collapse after each breath
Respiratory distress syndrome
Pulmonary condition characterized by the walls of immature lungs thickening making exchange of oxygen and CO2 difficult; often requires machines to breath
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
this chamber of the heart pumps blood via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation
right ventricle
this chamber of the heart pumps blood via the aorta throughout the entire systemic circulation
left ventricle
when does atrial contraction occur and what is its function
during the last 1/3 of diastole
complete ventricular filling
transports oxygenated blood from areas of high to low pressure
arteries
transports unoxygenated blood from tissues back to heart
veins
atherosclerotic disease process that narrow lumen of the coronary arteries resulting in ischemia to the myocardium
coronary artery disease
mild/moderate substernal chest pain with discomfort possibly present in L arm, upper body, neck, back, and epigastric areas that usually lasts less than 20 minutes
angina pectoris
angina that is exertional and can be controlled by rest and a nitroglycerin tablet
stable angia
angina that cannot be controlled by rest or a nitroglycerin tablet and is not a result of exertion
unstable angina (crescendo)
angina caused by a vasospasm and controlled by nitroglycerin or calcium channel blockers (long term)
variant angina (Prinz metals)
with what medication may an individual not demonstrate the expected increase in heart rate during an activity requiring adjusted parameters and the use of an RPE scale
beta-blockers
what is the most common psychosocial disorder associated with transplants
anxiety
disorder characterized by uncontrolled blood glucose, atherosclerosis, neuropathies, ulcers, and diabetic neuropathy
diabetic angiopathy
how long does it take for anticoagulation therapy to be within a therapeutic range;
when can ambulation be initiated;
no longer than ________ of bed rest
12 hours
2-3 days
3-4 days
disorder characterized by chronic leg edema, skin pigmentation change, scaly, and itchy
chronic venous insufficiency
stage of lymphedema with no visible change but a change in feeling (tingling, tiredness, heaviness)
0
stage of lymphedema that is reversible and characterized by soft-pitting and increased swelling at night
1
stage of lymphedema that is spontaneous irreversible and swelling with increase in fibrotic tissue and risk for infection
2
stage of lymphedema with lymphostatic elephantitis and extreme swelling and skin changes
3
airborne infection caused by bacterium that once settled in the lungs can spread to other areas of the body (kidney dysfunction); characterized by compromised spinal integrity, cervical/thoracic spine lesions, and space occupying lesions
tuberculosis
chronic obstructive disorder with chronic inflammation with cough, sputum, and low oxygen
chronic bronchitis
newborn condition where in sufficient surfactant is produced which prevents proper expansion resulting in formation of hyaline material in the lungs; respiratory distress
hyaline membrane disease
collapsed or airless alveolar unit
atelectasis
excessive fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura
pleural effusion
describe the RPE scale
1-2: comfortable for extended period
3-4: comfortable for 60 minutes
5-6: tough but maintained for 30 minutes
7-8: uncomfortable but maintained 5-10 minutes
9-10: difficult to maintain 10-30 seconds
describe functional impact of RPE scale
1-2: normal talking/breathing 3-4: more effort to talk; some SOB 5-6: 1-2 sentences, moderate SOB 7-8: broken sentences, heavy breathing 9-10: cant talk, grasping for breath
measure of edema with mild, barely perceptible indentation and <1/4 inch of pitting
1+
measure of edema with moderate, easily identifiable depression with return to normal in 15 seconds and 1/4-1/2 inch of pitting
2+
measure of edema with severe depression that takes 15-30 seconds to rebound and 1/2-1 inch of pitting
3+
measure of edema with very severe depression that takes > 30 seconds to rebound and 1 inch of pitting
4+
what characterizes bradycardia
< 60 bpm
what characterizes tachycardia
> 100 bpm
type of hypotension when a person goes from supine to standing shortly after eating a meal
postprandial hypotension
type of hypotension after long periods of standing
neurally mediated hypotension
excessiv sweating
diaphoresis
what psychosocial condition is most commonly associated with heart conditions
depression
what kinds of activities should be avoided for cardiac patients
isometrics
straining
breath holding (Valsalva)
overhead activities
what sleeping position should be avoided for COPD
prone with pillow under chest
optima sleep position for an individual with sleep apnea and obesity
side lying with head of bed elevated
what are good strengthening exercises for an individual with COPD in the maintenance phase
free weights, arm ergometer, and elastic bands
in phase I of lymphedema, how often should short-stretch compression bandages be worn
24 hours a day
what does the acronym RICE stand for
rest
ice
compression
elevation
sternal precautions
no reaching overhead with both arms
no reaching behind the back
no lifting or pulling
when can weight training begin for cardiac conditions if symptoms are controlled
2-4 weeks after beginning outpatient treatment
passing too much protein in the urine; present in kidney disease and is the result of diabetes and lupus
nephrotic syndrome
stage of kidney disease that is focused on prevention of progression
stage 1
stage of kidney disease that is focused on management of the health condition
stage 2
stage of kidney disease that is focused on management of edema and bone loss
stage 3
stage of kidney disease that is focused on education for further management
stage 4
stage of kidney disease where dialysis or transplant is required for life to be sustained
stage 5
should movement and engagement in activity be promoted during dialysis
yes
stage of cancer characterized by a present tumor with no perceived spread; operable lesion; and good response to treatment
stage 1
stage of cancer characterized by localized spread of tumor, an operable lesion, and good response to treatment
stage 2
stage of cancer characterized by extensive evidence of spread of primary tumor to other organs or the body; tumor cannot be removed but some cells may remain; deep spread in lymphatics
stage 3
stage of cancer characterized by inoperable primary lesion with survival dependent on spread and response to therapy
stage 4
time spent recovering from surgery
convalesence
vulnerability is related to
liminality
rheumatic connective tissue disease associated with an impaired immune response
scleroderma
type of scleroderma with linear skin involvement
limited
type of scleroderma which includes the internal organs
systemic
what does CREST stand for as a type of systemic scleroderma
Calcium in skin Raynaud's Esophageal dysfunction Sclerodactyl fingers/toes Telangiectasis (red spots)
medication for HIV/AIDS
protease inhibitors
type of viral infection from contaminated sea food where protective immunization is possible
hepatitis type A
type of viral infection from body and blood borne exposure with protective immunization possible
hepatitis type B
type of viral infection from body and blood borne exposure with no protective immunization and can be life threatening over time with chronic fatigue and disability
hepatitis type C
type of diabetes that is insulin dependent
type I
type of diabetes that is not insulin dependent
type II
if a person is vague, dizzy, has tachycardia, pallor, weakness, diaphoresis, seizure or come they may be experiencing ________ and the therapist should _________ immediately
hypoglycemia
provide carbohydrates
if a person is dehydrated, has a rapid and weak pulse, and acetone breath they may be experiencing ___________ and the therapist should ___________ immediately
hyperglycemia/ketoacidosis
call for help- IV and fluid required
intervention for obesity that does not focus on overcoming obesity, rather a focus on occupational needs of the client
tertiary intervention
disorder characterized by early symptoms of fatigue, headache, chills/fever, muscle/joint pain, swollen lymphnodes, and a rash. an impaired immune response affects neurological and orthopedic systems
lyme disease
stage of pressure ulcer with local discoloration of intact skin or blister with blood as a result of damage of underlying tissue
suspected
stage of pressure ulcer with intact skin and visible non blanchable redness over a localized area; soft, firm, cool, warm, painful, itchy; hard to detect
stage I
stage of pressure ulcer with dermis involvement with partial thickness loss and shallow ulcer appears shiny or dry; intact/rupture blister, red/pin wound without slough or bruising
stage II
stage of pressure ulcer with full-thickness tissue loss with subcutaneous fat possibly visible
stage III
stage of pressure ulcer with full-thickness tissue loss with bone, tendon, or muscle visible
stage IV
stage of pressure ulcer with full-thickness tissue loss with wound bed slough or eschar
unstageable
group of non-electrical cushions or mattresses to distribute pressure
group I
group of dynamic electric powered devices for full-thickness ulcers of moderate to high risk
group II
group of dynamic electric powered device for non-healing full-thickness ulcers
group III
how often should weight shifts be
every 30 minutes for 30 seconds OR
every 60 minutes for 60 seconds
