Cardiopulmonary

Question 1

Vasculature Development

Answer 1

3-4 wks after conception. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

Question 2

Vasculogenesis

Answer 2

Formation of arteries and veins during embryonic development
-mesodermal cells differentiate into vessels

Question 3

Angiogenesis

Answer 3

Formation of branches during the whole life (healing and embryonic development)

Question 4

3 layers of blod vessels

Answer 4

1. Tunica externa: connective tissue
2. Tunica media middle smooth lauer
3. Tunica intima: inner endothelial layer

Question 5

Autonomic NS control of circulation

Answer 5

SNS: vasoconstriction and increased heart rate
PSNS: vasodilation and decreased heart rate

Question 6

Circulatory Receptors

Answer 6

Baroreceptors: in aorta and carotid sinus, BP changes
Chemoreceptors: in aorta and carotid body, pH changes and o2

Question 7

Cardiovascular development Embryonic

Answer 7

-heart develops at 3 weeks (recognizable at 20 days)
-circulation at 4 wks
- heart becomes 4 chamber structure at 7 wks

Question 8

Circulatory system Prenatal

Answer 8

Shunting systems
Foramen ovale; r atrium to l
Ductus arteriosus: r pul artery to aorta
Ductus venosus: IVC to umbilical vein

Question 9

Shunting system

Answer 9

Small passages for blood to travel to bypass body parts not developed

Question 10

Circulatory system Neonatal

Answer 10

Shunting systems for new structures
Foramen ovale: fossa ovalis
Ductus arteriosus: ligamentum arteriosum
Umbilical vein: ligamentum teres
Ductus venosus: ligamentum venosum
Umbilical arteries: lateral umbilical ligaments

Question 11

Congenital heart disease

Answer 11

1% of live births
Leading non infectous cause of death under 1

Question 12

Cardiovascular infancy and childhood

Answer 12

Ratio of heart volume and wight is constant

Increase in: cross sectional area, fibers, force, stroke volume, Left side of heart predominates, LV wall, heart size increases with weight, heart volume,, blood pressure

Decrease: heart rate

Question 13

Heart volume increases and ratio

Answer 13

40ml at birth, 80ml at 6m, 160ml at 2yrs
-10ml/kg of body weight

Question 14

vascular development infancy, and childhood

Answer 14

Increased heart vascularization: at birth, one vessel for every six muscle fibers, adulthood, one to one ratio.

Question 15

Hemoglobin levels of infancy and childhood

Answer 15

Newborn: 20
3 to 6 month old: 10
Adult: 14 to 16

Fetal hemoglobin is higher than postnatal, but with less oxygen saturation (70%) as the lungs are immature (postnatal 97%)

Question 16

Cardiovascular development adolescence

Answer 16

-As body weight increases blood pressure and heart size increase, left, ventricle, increases, stroke, volume increases

Question 17

Cardiovascular development adulthood

Answer 17

Heart size may increase due to fatty deposition, most evident in women between 30s and 60s

Question 18

Cardiovascular development aging

Answer 18

Decreases in: number of myocytes, SA node cells, heart rate, stroke volume, blood volume due to decreasing fluid, red blood cells, lymphocytes

Increases: size of myelocytes (wbc), fat deposition, ventricular wall, thickness of heart valves, and blood vessels, darkness of myocardium

Question 19

Adult heart disease

Answer 19

Number one cause of death, 1 million heart attacks per year, 5 million adults with heart failure

Question 20

Controllers of ventilation

Answer 20

Medulla oblongata and pons
Sympathetic nervous system controls: bronchodilation
Parasympathetic nervous system controls: bronchoconstriction
Stretch receptors in lungs
Intercostal, muscles and diaphragm

Question 21

Pulmonary development prenatal

Answer 21

6 weeks to 7 months

Six weeks: primitive alveolar form
Eight weeks: conductive zone developed (trachea and bronchi)
24 weeks: surfactant is produced
26 to 28 weeks development: viable respiratory zone

Question 22

Pulmonary development neonatal

Answer 22

8 weeks to 7 months
Six weeks: primitive alveolar form
Eight weeks: conductive zone developed
24 weeks: surfactant is produced
26 to 28 weeks development: viable respiratory zone

Question 23

Pulmonary development at birth

Answer 23

Rib cage is horizontal accessory muscles are not fully developed
Lack efficient diagram breathing
After sitting: ribs become angled, diaphragm, becomes dome sheet to increase efficiency of breathing

Question 24

Pulmonary development infancy and childhood

Answer 24

Increase in alveoli number until age 8
Airways are always smaller in children
-Decreased smooth muscle in bronchial walls until 3 to 4yrs
-Decreased alveolar, elasticity until puberty
-Decreased collateral ventilation mechanisms (bronchial collapse, increased work for breathing, increased risk of respiratory infections until eight years old.).

Question 25

Pulmonary development, adolescence

Answer 25

Increase size of airways, increased alveolar size
19 years old: smooth muscle of alveoli are fully developed

Question 26

Pulmonary development adulthood, and aging

Answer 26

Decreased compliance and elasticity, vital capacity, increased breathing rate, smaller, capillary bed around alveoli, decrease blood flow volume

Question 27

Cardiac output

Answer 27

Efficiency of the cardiovascular system
Stroke volume x heart rate

Question 28

Minute ventilation

Answer 28

Efficiency of the pulmonary system
Tidal volume x respiratory rate

Question 29

Maximal aerobic capacity

Answer 29

Maximal ability of an individual’s body to transport in use oxygen for energy, determined by level of cardiovascular pulmonary fitness