Cardiopulmo Flashcards
Location of the heart
Thorax between the lungs
o Pointed apex directed toward the left hip
o Base oriented toward the right shoulder
Coverings of the heart
Pericardium
o Fibrous pericardium
o Serous pericardium
T or F
- Visceral pericardium: next to the lungs
- Parietal pericardium: outer layer
FALSE
- Visceral pericardium: next to the heart
- Parietal pericardium: outer layer
What fills the space (pericardial cavity) between the layers
of visceral and parietal pericardium?
what is its functio?
Serous fluid
- to reduce friction
Outermost layer
o Also known as visceral pericardium
Epicardium
Middle layer
Mostly cardiac muscle
Myocardium
Inner layer
Composed of endothelium
Endocardium
Right and left sides act as separate pumps of the heart
what divides these part?
Interatrial Septum
T or F
Aorta: receiving chambers (right & left atrium)
Ventricles: discharging chambers (right & left ventricle)
FALSE
Atria: receiving chambers (right & left atrium)
o Ventricles: discharging chambers (right & left ventricle)
Purpose of valves?
To prevent back flow
Allows blood to flow in only one direction
Valves
Valves between ventricle and artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Aortic semilunar valve
Atrioventricular valves:
Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side)
- Tricuspid valve (right side)
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal
system; neurovascular structure)
Conduction system of the heart
T or F
Heart epithelium cells contract, without nerve impulses, in regular, continuous way
FALSE
Heart muscle cells contract,
without nerve impulses, in regular,
continuous way
T or F
The impulse that will make the
heart contract is produced and
transmitted spontaneously outside the heart
FALSE
The impulse that will make the
heart contract is produced and
transmitted spontaneously within
the heart itself
Specialized neurovascular tissue
(Conduction system)
Specialized neurovascular tissue
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle)
Right & left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers:
pacemaker; initiates heart
contraction
SA node
located in the
subendocardium to transmit
impulse to the cardiac muscle
fibers and allow contraction to
occur
Purkinje fibers:
T or F
When atria relax, the ventricles
contract
TRUE
Systole:
diastole:
Systole: contraction;
diastole: relaxation
Take blood to the tissues and back
Arteries
Arterioles
o Capillaries
o Venules
o Veins
Layers of the blood vessels
Tunica intima:
Tunica media:
Tunica externa:
Tunica intima:
Tunica media:
Tunica externa:
Tunica intima: composed of endothelium
Tunica media: composed of smooth muscle; controlled by
sympathetic nervous system
Tunica externa: mostly composed of fibrous connective tissue
T or F
Walls of arteries are the thickest with round lumen (cavity within a tubular structure)
TRUE
T or F
Walls of veins are thinner with small lumen
FALSE
Walls of veins are thinner with large
lumen
T or F
Walls of capillaries are only three cell
layer thick (simple epithelium) to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
FALSE
Walls of capillaries are only one cell
layer thick (simple epithelium) to
allow for exchanges between blood
and tissue
Characteristic of Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mmHg)
o Can be dangerous if it is chronic
Characteristic of hypotension
Low systolic (below 110mmHg)
o Often associated with illness
Normal range of BP
110-140 systole
80-75 diastole
T or F
140 mmHg systole can be normal for the elderly
TRUE
pressure at the peak of the ventricular contraction
Systole
pressure when ventricles relax
Diastole
T or F
Blood pressure: measurements are made on the pressure in large veins
FALSE
Blood pressure: measurements are
made on the pressure in large arteries
What is Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated
Blood Pressure
Process of breathing; inhaling air into and exhaling stale air from the lungs
Respiration:
Process by which exchange of gases takes place between a biological system and its environment
Respiration:
PARTS Upper respiratory tract (conducting portion): only a pathway of air
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles — terminal
bronchioles
PARTS Lower respiratory tract (respiratory
portion): gas exchange occurs
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
T or F
The mouth is two nasal cavities divided by the nasal septum
FALSE
The nose is two nasal cavities divided by the nasal septum
Openings of the nose
Opening: anterior naris, nostril, or
nasal orifice
Nasal cavity proper (Parts)
o Roof: ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal,
and nasal bones
o Floor: maxilla (palatine process),
palatine
o Medial wall: vomer
o Lateral wall: nasal
conchae/turbinates (superior, middle, inferior)
Each nasal cavity is divided into:
o Vestibule: vibrissae
o Nasal cavity proper: limen nasi
2 types of Mucosa
o Olfactory
o Respiratory
volume of air that fills the passages where there
is no gas exchange
Anatomical dead space
alveolar and anatomical dead space
Physiologic dead space
sum of all volumes (6000ml) (lung capacity)
Total lung capacity (TLC)
amount of air left in the lungs at the end of normal expiration = ERV + RV = 2400ml
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
amount of air left in the lungs following maximum
expiration (1200 ml)
Residual volume (RV)
amount of air exhaled in maximum expiration
followed by maximum inspiration = TV + ERV + IRV = 4700ml
Vital capacity (VC)
