Cardiopulm

Question 1

define preload

Answer 1

preload reflects the tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole. Preload reflect the venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole

Question 2

define afterload

Answer 2

afterload refers to the forces that impede blood flow out of the heart. 3 forces = peripheral vascualture, aortic compliance, and mass/viscosity of blood

Question 3

define stroke volume

Answer 3

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle) with each beat.

Question 4

normal stroke volume?

Answer 4

60-80 ml

Question 5

define cardiac output

Answer 5

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute. CO = HR x SV

Question 6

normal CO at rest

Answer 6

5L/min

Question 7

CO can go up to what during exercise

Answer 7

25L/min

Question 8

CO = ___ x ___

Answer 8

CO = HR x SV

Question 9

define venous return

Answer 9

the amount of blood returned to the right atrium per minute. should be about the same as the CO

Question 10

arteries vs veins: which has oxygenated blood

Answer 10

arteries carry oxygenated blood through the aorta, atertiers, and arterioles to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. deoxygenated blood then returned from the capillaries to the venules/veins to the heart

Question 11

normal blood volume

Answer 11

5L

Question 12

define hypovolemia

Answer 12

decreased blood volume, specifically plasma volume

Question 13

hypervolemia

Answer 13

increased blood volume, specificaly plasma voume

Question 14

define polycythemia

Answer 14

too many RBCs - blood becomes thicker, increasing risk of heart attack and stroke

Question 15

another name for blood platelets

Answer 15

thrombocytes - assist in blood clotting

Question 16

term for low number of platelets

Answer 16

thrombocytopenia

Question 17

term for high number of platelets

Answer 17

thrombocythemia

Question 18

the two prinicipal muscles of inspiration are

Answer 18

the diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 19

accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 19

SCM, scalenes, pec major, pec minor, serratus anterior

Question 20

muscles at work during quiet expiration

Answer 20

none

Question 21

muscles at work during forced expiration

Answer 21

TA, rectus abdominus, EO, IO

Question 22

lung with only two lobes

Answer 22

left. upper and lower lobes. the left lobe has the lingula, which is analogous to the right middle lobe

Question 23

left and right pulmonary arteries: oxygenated or not?

Answer 23

the left and right pulmonary arteries contain DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart.

Question 24

pulmonary veins: oxygenated?

Answer 24

YES! the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium.

Question 25

name the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 25

1) VSD ventricular septal defect 2) pulmonary stenosis 3) right ventricular hypertrophy 4) aorta overrides the VSD

Question 26

cor pulmonale aka

Answer 26

pulmonary heart disease

Question 27

cor pulmonale is what

Answer 27

hypertrophy of the right ventricule caused by alerted lung function. it causes edema in the LE

Question 28

left sided heart failure can cause what

Answer 28

left sided heart failure can cause pulmonary edema because the left ventricle is failing, so blood backs up into the left atrium and then into the pulmonary veins/capillaries, causing fluid to be pushed into the alveoli

Question 29

Acute pulmonary edema

Answer 29

is a medical emergency! s/s include blood tinged frothy sputum

Question 30

normal pH in arterial blood gas

Answer 30

7.4

Question 31

normal PaCO2 in arterial blood gas

Answer 31

40 mm Hg (35-45)

Question 32

normal PaO2 arterial blood gas

Answer 32

97 mm Hg (80-100)

Question 33

normal HCO3 in arterial blood gas

Answer 33

24

Question 34

normal SaO2 artieral blood gas

Answer 34

95-98%

Question 35

two cardiac biomarkers for MI

Answer 35

troponin and creatine phosphokinase (CK) - CK is more specific and peaks sooner than troponin

Question 36

define hematocrit

Answer 36

the percentage of RBCs in total blood volume. high = dehydration, low = anemia/blood loss/vit or mineral deficiency

Question 37

PH > 7.4 is what

Answer 37

alkalosis

Question 38

Respiratory Acidosis: ph, bicarb, CO2?

Answer 38

Respiratory Acidosis: - pH is LOW - bicarb is LOW?? (other part of book says it is high) - CO2 builds up because of hypoventilation

Question 39

s/s of respiratory acidosis

Answer 39

lethargy, confusion, altered mental state, cyanosis

Question 40

Respiratory Alkalosis: ph, hydrogen

Answer 40

Respiratory Alkalosis - pH is HIGH - Hydrogen is LOW - bicarb is LOW - CO2 is LOW (hyperventilation)

Question 41

s/s of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 41

tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperventilation, dizziness

Question 42

Metabolic acidosis: ph paco2 hco3

Answer 42

- pH: low - PaCO2: low - HCO3: low

Question 43

Metabolic alkalosis: ph paco2 hco3

Answer 43

- pH: high - PaCO2: high - HCO3: high