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Comp Exam > Cardiopulm > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Flashcards

1
Q

define preload

A

preload reflects the tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole. Preload reflect the venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole

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2
Q

define afterload

A

afterload refers to the forces that impede blood flow out of the heart. 3 forces = peripheral vascualture, aortic compliance, and mass/viscosity of blood

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3
Q

define stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle) with each beat.

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4
Q

normal stroke volume?

A

60-80 ml

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5
Q

define cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute. CO = HR x SV

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6
Q

normal CO at rest

A

5L/min

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7
Q

CO can go up to what during exercise

A

25L/min

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8
Q

CO = ___ x ___

A

CO = HR x SV

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9
Q

define venous return

A

the amount of blood returned to the right atrium per minute. should be about the same as the CO

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10
Q

arteries vs veins: which has oxygenated blood

A

arteries carry oxygenated blood through the aorta, atertiers, and arterioles to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. deoxygenated blood then returned from the capillaries to the venules/veins to the heart

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11
Q

normal blood volume

A

5L

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12
Q

define hypovolemia

A

decreased blood volume, specifically plasma volume

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13
Q

hypervolemia

A

increased blood volume, specificaly plasma voume

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14
Q

define polycythemia

A

too many RBCs - blood becomes thicker, increasing risk of heart attack and stroke

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15
Q

another name for blood platelets

A

thrombocytes - assist in blood clotting

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16
Q

term for low number of platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

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17
Q

term for high number of platelets

A

thrombocythemia

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18
Q

the two prinicipal muscles of inspiration are

A

the diaphragm and external intercostals

19
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

SCM, scalenes, pec major, pec minor, serratus anterior

20
Q

muscles at work during quiet expiration

A

none

21
Q

muscles at work during forced expiration

A

TA, rectus abdominus, EO, IO

22
Q

lung with only two lobes

A

left. upper and lower lobes. the left lobe has the lingula, which is analogous to the right middle lobe

23
Q

left and right pulmonary arteries: oxygenated or not?

A

the left and right pulmonary arteries contain DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart.

24
Q

pulmonary veins: oxygenated?

A

YES! the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium.

25
Q

name the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

1) VSD ventricular septal defect
2) pulmonary stenosis
3) right ventricular hypertrophy
4) aorta overrides the VSD

26
Q

cor pulmonale aka

A

pulmonary heart disease

27
Q

cor pulmonale is what

A

hypertrophy of the right ventricule caused by alerted lung function. it causes edema in the LE

28
Q

left sided heart failure can cause what

A

left sided heart failure can cause pulmonary edema because the left ventricle is failing, so blood backs up into the left atrium and then into the pulmonary veins/capillaries, causing fluid to be pushed into the alveoli

29
Q

Acute pulmonary edema

A

is a medical emergency! s/s include blood tinged frothy sputum

30
Q

normal pH in arterial blood gas

A

7.4

31
Q

normal PaCO2 in arterial blood gas

A

40 mm Hg (35-45)

32
Q

normal PaO2 arterial blood gas

A

97 mm Hg (80-100)

33
Q

normal HCO3 in arterial blood gas

A

24

34
Q

normal SaO2 artieral blood gas

A

95-98%

35
Q

two cardiac biomarkers for MI

A

troponin and creatine phosphokinase (CK) - CK is more specific and peaks sooner than troponin

36
Q

define hematocrit

A

the percentage of RBCs in total blood volume. high = dehydration, low = anemia/blood loss/vit or mineral deficiency

37
Q

PH > 7.4 is what

A

alkalosis

38
Q

Respiratory Acidosis: ph, bicarb, CO2?

A

Respiratory Acidosis:

  • pH is LOW
  • bicarb is LOW?? (other part of book says it is high)
  • CO2 builds up because of hypoventilation
39
Q

s/s of respiratory acidosis

A

lethargy, confusion, altered mental state, cyanosis

40
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis: ph, hydrogen

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

  • pH is HIGH
  • Hydrogen is LOW
  • bicarb is LOW
  • CO2 is LOW (hyperventilation)
41
Q

s/s of respiratory alkalosis

A

tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperventilation, dizziness

42
Q

Metabolic acidosis: ph paco2 hco3

A
  • pH: low
  • PaCO2: low
  • HCO3: low
43
Q

Metabolic alkalosis: ph paco2 hco3

A
  • pH: high
  • PaCO2: high
  • HCO3: high

Comp Exam (10 decks)

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