Cardiology I Flashcards

1
Q

normal rate

A

60-100

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2
Q

normal rhythm

A

regular

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3
Q

normal PR intervals

A

120-200

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4
Q

normal QRS intervals

A

<120

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5
Q

normal QT intervals

A

<half of RR

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6
Q

normal P waves

A

+ in I, II, III

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7
Q

normal QRS axis

A

+QRS in I, II, aVF

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8
Q

sinus PR interval

A

P and QRS always together, PR>120

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9
Q

sinus P waves

A

+ in I, II, III

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10
Q

tachycardia rate

A

> 100

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11
Q

bradycardia rate

A

<60

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12
Q

long PR

A

> 200

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13
Q

short PR

A

<120

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14
Q

wide QRS

A

> 120

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15
Q

long QT

A

> 44, more than half of RR interval

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16
Q

right axis deviation (RVH, PE, lat. MI, etc)

A

-QRS in I

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17
Q

left axis deviation (LVH, LBBB, inf. MI, etc)

A

-QRS in II, aVF

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18
Q

right axis deviation differential

A

RVH, PE, lat. MI

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19
Q

left axis deviation differential

A

LVH, LBBB, inf. MI

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20
Q

RAE P wave

A

Peaked (>2.5 mm). Can also mean hypokalemia.

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21
Q

LAE P wave

A

Bifid!

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22
Q

right ventricular hypertrophy QRS

A

R>S in V1

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23
Q

left ventricular hypertrophy QRS

A

+S in V1, big R in R6

24
Q

MI QRS

A

Pathologic Q (deep and wide)

25
Q

right bundle branch block ST

A

rabbit ears in V1

26
Q

left bundle branch block ST

A

RR’ in V4-V6

27
Q

acute STEMI

A

ST elevated (baseline ↓)

28
Q

acute NSTEMI

A

ST depression (multiple coronary involvement)

29
Q

four factors to increase contractiliy and stroke volume

A

catecholamines, ↑Intracellular Ca, ↓Extracellular Na, digoxin

30
Q

four factors to decrease contractility and stroke volume

A

beta blockers, heart failure, verapamil, diltiazem

31
Q

normal RA pressure

A

5

32
Q

normal RV pressure

A

25/5

33
Q

normal PA pressure

A

25/10

34
Q

normal PCWP pressure

A

10

35
Q

normal LA pressure

A

10

36
Q

normal LV pressure

A

120/10

37
Q

normal aorta pressure

A

120/80

38
Q

ANS response to exercise

A

↑Sympathetic tone, ↓Parasympathetic

39
Q

HR response to exercise

A

↑↑

40
Q

SV response to exercise

A

41
Q

CO response to exercise

A

↑↑

42
Q

Venous Return response to exercise

A

43
Q

MAP response to exercise

A

44
Q

TPR response to exercise

A

↓↓ (vasodilation in muscles)

45
Q

A-v O2 Difference in exercise

A

↑↑ (O2 consumption by tissues)

46
Q

decreases in response to hemorrhage

A

carotid sinus firing rate

47
Q

increases in response to hemorrhage

A

HR, SV, CO, TPR, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, epinephrin, ADH

48
Q

inotropes net effect

A

increases cardiac output

49
Q

inotropes mechanism

A

increases ventricular contractile force

50
Q

beta blockers net affect

A

increases cardiac output

51
Q

beta blockers mechanism

A

decreases heart rate, increases filling time

52
Q

nitrates net effect

A

decreases preload

53
Q

nitrates mechanism

A

venodilation

54
Q

diuretics net effects

A

decreases preload

55
Q

diuretics mechanism

A

decreases intravascular volume

56
Q

ACEis, hydralazine net effect

A

decreases afterload

57
Q

ACEis, hydralazine mechanism

A

arteriodilation