Cardio Lectures I Flashcards
1
Q
most common cause of sudden death
A
ventricular fibrillation
2
Q
rheumatic fever is endemic to
A
india
3
Q
number one killer in the US
A
atherosclerosis
4
Q
heart rate irregularly irregular
A
atrial fibrillation
5
Q
murmur means
A
turbulent blood flow
6
Q
crackles mean
A
fluid in the lungs
7
Q
how many have a disease at one time
A
prevalence
8
Q
number of new cases in a year
A
incidence
9
Q
modifiable risk factors for heart disease
A
dyslipidemia, tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, lack of activity, obesity
10
Q
nonmodifiable risk factors for heart disease
A
advanced age, genes, male gender
11
Q
normal blood pressure
A
120/80
12
Q
prehypertension
A
120-139/80-89
13
Q
hypertension
A
> 139 or >89
14
Q
hypertension, high LDL, low HDL, insulin resistance, visceral obesity (pear shape)
A
metabolic syndrome
15
Q
endothelium inhibits clotting with
A
NO, prostaglandin, tissue plasminogen (regulates fibrinolysis, thrombomodulin)
16
Q
endothelium promotes clotting with
A
tissue factor, platelet activating factor, Von Willebrand)
17
Q
endothelium and cholesterol
A
oxidizes LDL and VLDL
18
Q
arteriovenous shunts in fingers, toes, ears, nose, dilate to release heat
A
microvasculature
19
Q
benign tumor of endothelium
A
hemangioma (pictured on tongue, in heart)
20
Q
test if tumor is endothelium
A
CD31 staining, shows reddish, full of blood
21
Q
malignant tumor of endothelial cells
A
angiosarcoma
22
Q
autoimmune vascular disease. HA in temporal artery, blindness in opthalmic. Treat with steroids
A
giant cell arteritis
23
Q
cause more epicardial fat
A
obesity, steroids
24
Q
epithelium covers
A
body surface, GI tract
25
endothelium covers
blood vessels and lymphatics
26
endothelium interconnection
tight junctions
27
endothelium produce ECM from
type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycans
28
endothelium increases cell growth with
PDGF
29
endothelium decreases cell growth with
TGF-beta
30
endothelium dilates self with
NO
31
endothelium constricts self with
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, endothelin
32
inner layer of vessels, made of endothelium, basal lamina, and myointimal (smooth muscle, collagen-producing and phagocytotic) cells
intima
33
made of elastic fibers, smooth muscles cells and nerves
media
34
nerves for vasoconstriction
adrenergic alpha 1
35
nerves for vasodilation
cholinergic Ach
36
aortic body chemoreceptor responds to
O2
37
carotid body chemoreceptor responds to
O2 and pH
38
composed of connective tissue and vasa vasorum
adventitia
39
narrowing of vasovasorum causes large aortic aneurysms by damaging the media in
tertiary syphilis
40
more permeable than capillaries, have valves to prevent backflow
lymph vessels
41
high pressure, thick media, have valves
arteries
42
low pressure, thick adventitia, have well-defined elastic layers
veins
43
cuboidal mesothelium, lines visceral and parietal pericardium
epicardium
44
contraction, atrial cells secrete BNP, specialized muscle cells, nerves, vessels, leukocytes and connective tissue
myocardium
45
tells kidneys to decrease circulating volume, stretch activated, increased levels may indicate heart failure
BNP
46
conduction system is located in
myocardium
47
collagen, elastin fiber, smooth muscle cells, endothelium, thickness determined by pressure, turbulence
endocardium
48
located in junction of SVC and RA
SA node
49
located next to coronary sinus opening, above TV
AV node
50
located in interventricular septum, left and right branches
bundle of His
51
located in inner ventricular walls
purkinje fibers
52
function: pacemaker
SA node
53
function: SA node to His, delay allows atria to contract before ventricles
AV node
54
function: AV node to apex of ventricles/purkinje fibers
bundle of His
55
function: bunble of His to ventricular myocardium
Purkinje fibers
56
diseases: sinus tachy, brady, arrhythmia
SA node
57
diseases: block, nodal re-entry tachycardia
AV node
58
diseases: left and right bundle branch block
bundle of His
59
diseases: abundant glycogen, no contractile ability
purkinje fibers
60
connects with desmosomes, not intercalated disks, fibers not parallel since they don't have to contract
SA node
61
systolic pumping problem causes
dilation
62
diastolic pumping, myocyte disarray causes
hypertrophy
63
Autoimmune-type response to beta-hemolytic strep, causes fibrosis and thickening of chorda tendenae, stenosis and massive left atrial dilation
rheumatic heart disease
64
systemic pressure: aorta
100 mmHg
65
systemic pressure: large arteris
120-80 mmHg
66
systemic pressure: arterioles
50 mmHg
67
systemic pressure: capillaries
20 mmHg
68
systemic pressure: vena cava
4 mmHg
69
systemic pressure: right atrium
0-2mmHg
70
pulmonary pressure: pulmonary artery
15 (25 systole, 8 diastole) mmHg
71
pulmonary pressure: capillaries
10 mmHg
72
pulmonary pressure: pulmonary vein
8 mmHg
73
pulmonary pressure: left atrium
2-5 mmHg
74
site of highest resistance
arterioles
75
have highest proportion of blood in CV system
veins
76
resistance regulated by alpha 1 and beta 2
arteries
77
resistance regulated by alpha 1
veins
78
rate of blood flow into aorta: systemic blood flow rate
left ventricle cardiac output
79
rate of blood flow into pulmonary artery: pulmonary blood flow rate
right ventricle cardiac output
80
rate of blood flow back to right ventricle
venous return
81
pressure gradients that drive blood flow derive from
ventricular contraction
82
highest cross-sectional area in system, gas exchange!
capillaries
83
resistance in series: vessels in an organ
sum them
84
resistance in parallel: major arteries in CV system
sum of reciprocals equals reciprocal of total (total is always less than an individual resistance)
85
V/P
capacitance: volume of blood a vessel can hold at a specific pressure
86
vessel capacitance over time
with age, vessels calcify, decreasing their capacitance
87
which is more invasive, left or right heart catheterization
left ventricle cardiac output
88
gives an estimate of left-sided pressure
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
89
flow is slowest in capillaries where
Cross-sectional area is highest. Gives more time for complete exchange with tissues
90
as resistance increases, CO will
decrease. But body increases pressure gradient to keep CO steady (CO2=P/R)
91
in high blood pressure, the left ventricle
thickens, to decrease wall stress (stress=pressure * radius/2*wall thickness)
92
double a vessel's length, flow
decreases by 50%
93
halve a vessel's radius, flow
decreases (coronary artery disease)
94
double blood's viscosity, flow
decreases by 50%
95
if you hear a murmur, there is turbulence, and Reynold's number
is likely higher than 3000
96
normal cardiac output
5 L/min
97
capillary flow is
nonpulsatile
98
volume displaced in vascular recoil is
available to capillaries when heart is not beating
99
pulse pressure reflects
stroke volume
100
large pulse pressure may indicate
aortic insufficiency or regurgitation
101
mean arterial pressure is influenced more by
diastolic more than systolic blood pressure
102
amount of force is determined by
distance each sarcomere shortens (less overlap, as in dilation, means less shortening)
103
smaller, more haphazard myocytes
atrial myocytes
104
produces vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis in atrial myocytes
ANF (atrial natruiuretic factor)
105
function integration of cardiac myocytes
intercalated disks
106
base (non-flow) surface of valves
fibrosa
107
flow surface of valves
spongiosa
108
valves are thin enough to be supported by
diffusion
109
Group A beta-hemolytic strep corss reacts with valves
rhuematic fever
110
degenerative changes with calcification
calcific aortic stenosis
111
3-5% of adults, loose ground substance in leaflets
mitral valve prolapse
112
fibrin and platelets on valves
NBTE: nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
113
virulent organisms attak normal valves
acute endocarditis
114
less virulent organisms (strep viridans) attack damaged valves)
nonacute endocarditis
115
male heart weight
300-350 g
116
female heart weight
250-300 g
117
right ventricle thickness
.3-.5 cm
118
left ventricle thickness
1.3-1.5 cm
119
most cardiac bloodflow through right coronary is during
ventricular diastole
120
distinguished by high level of glycogen (appear pink stained)
purkinje cells
121
where valves adhere and project from
ring or annulus
122
junction types found in intercalated discs
desmosomes, fascia adherens, and gap junctions
123
Actin-myosin binding site is blocked by
tropomyosin, and troponin complex
124
hydrolysis on myosin head occurs
at time of binding (cross-bridge formation, the flex or power stroke)
125
atherosclerotic plaques initially evolve in
the media (foam cells are macrophages)
126
lamina means
laid in parallel arrays
127
do veins have elastic lamina?
NO
128
how to tell lymphatics from veins
no RBCs,, no smooth muscle, single-layer surface, pink fluid inside
129
one endothelial cell wrapped around itself in a tube. 5-10 microns in size (RBC)
capillaries
130
continuous capillaries are found in
muscle
131
fenestrated capilllaries are found in
kidney
132
sinusoidal capillaries are found in
liver
