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Cardiology > Cardio Lectures I > Flashcards

Cardio Lectures I Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of sudden death

A

ventricular fibrillation

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2
Q

rheumatic fever is endemic to

A

india

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3
Q

number one killer in the US

A

atherosclerosis

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4
Q

heart rate irregularly irregular

A

atrial fibrillation

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5
Q

murmur means

A

turbulent blood flow

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6
Q

crackles mean

A

fluid in the lungs

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7
Q

how many have a disease at one time

A

prevalence

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8
Q

number of new cases in a year

A

incidence

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9
Q

modifiable risk factors for heart disease

A

dyslipidemia, tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, lack of activity, obesity

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10
Q

nonmodifiable risk factors for heart disease

A

advanced age, genes, male gender

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11
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80

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12
Q

prehypertension

A

120-139/80-89

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13
Q

hypertension

A

> 139 or >89

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14
Q

hypertension, high LDL, low HDL, insulin resistance, visceral obesity (pear shape)

A

metabolic syndrome

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15
Q

endothelium inhibits clotting with

A

NO, prostaglandin, tissue plasminogen (regulates fibrinolysis, thrombomodulin)

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16
Q

endothelium promotes clotting with

A

tissue factor, platelet activating factor, Von Willebrand)

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17
Q

endothelium and cholesterol

A

oxidizes LDL and VLDL

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18
Q

arteriovenous shunts in fingers, toes, ears, nose, dilate to release heat

A

microvasculature

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19
Q

benign tumor of endothelium

A

hemangioma (pictured on tongue, in heart)

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20
Q

test if tumor is endothelium

A

CD31 staining, shows reddish, full of blood

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21
Q

malignant tumor of endothelial cells

A

angiosarcoma

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22
Q

autoimmune vascular disease. HA in temporal artery, blindness in opthalmic. Treat with steroids

A

giant cell arteritis

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23
Q

cause more epicardial fat

A

obesity, steroids

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24
Q

epithelium covers

A

body surface, GI tract

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25
Q

endothelium covers

A

blood vessels and lymphatics

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26
Q

endothelium interconnection

A

tight junctions

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27
Q

endothelium produce ECM from

A

type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycans

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28
Q

endothelium increases cell growth with

A

PDGF

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29
Q

endothelium decreases cell growth with

A

TGF-beta

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30
Q

endothelium dilates self with

A

NO

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31
Q

endothelium constricts self with

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, endothelin

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32
Q

inner layer of vessels, made of endothelium, basal lamina, and myointimal (smooth muscle, collagen-producing and phagocytotic) cells

A

intima

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33
Q

made of elastic fibers, smooth muscles cells and nerves

A

media

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34
Q

nerves for vasoconstriction

A

adrenergic alpha 1

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35
Q

nerves for vasodilation

A

cholinergic Ach

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36
Q

aortic body chemoreceptor responds to

A

O2

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37
Q

carotid body chemoreceptor responds to

A

O2 and pH

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38
Q

composed of connective tissue and vasa vasorum

A

adventitia

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39
Q

narrowing of vasovasorum causes large aortic aneurysms by damaging the media in

A

tertiary syphilis

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40
Q

more permeable than capillaries, have valves to prevent backflow

A

lymph vessels

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41
Q

high pressure, thick media, have valves

A

arteries

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42
Q

low pressure, thick adventitia, have well-defined elastic layers

A

veins

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43
Q

cuboidal mesothelium, lines visceral and parietal pericardium

A

epicardium

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44
Q

contraction, atrial cells secrete BNP, specialized muscle cells, nerves, vessels, leukocytes and connective tissue

A

myocardium

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45
Q

tells kidneys to decrease circulating volume, stretch activated, increased levels may indicate heart failure

A

BNP

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46
Q

conduction system is located in

A

myocardium

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47
Q

collagen, elastin fiber, smooth muscle cells, endothelium, thickness determined by pressure, turbulence

A

endocardium

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48
Q

located in junction of SVC and RA

A

SA node

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49
Q

located next to coronary sinus opening, above TV

A

AV node

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50
Q

located in interventricular septum, left and right branches

A

bundle of His

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51
Q

located in inner ventricular walls

A

purkinje fibers

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52
Q

function: pacemaker

A

SA node

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53
Q

function: SA node to His, delay allows atria to contract before ventricles

A

AV node

54
Q

function: AV node to apex of ventricles/purkinje fibers

A

bundle of His

55
Q

function: bunble of His to ventricular myocardium

A

Purkinje fibers

56
Q

diseases: sinus tachy, brady, arrhythmia

A

SA node

57
Q

diseases: block, nodal re-entry tachycardia

A

AV node

58
Q

diseases: left and right bundle branch block

A

bundle of His

59
Q

diseases: abundant glycogen, no contractile ability

A

purkinje fibers

60
Q

connects with desmosomes, not intercalated disks, fibers not parallel since they don’t have to contract

A

SA node

61
Q

systolic pumping problem causes

A

dilation

62
Q

diastolic pumping, myocyte disarray causes

A

hypertrophy

63
Q

Autoimmune-type response to beta-hemolytic strep, causes fibrosis and thickening of chorda tendenae, stenosis and massive left atrial dilation

A

rheumatic heart disease

64
Q

systemic pressure: aorta

A

100 mmHg

65
Q

systemic pressure: large arteris

A

120-80 mmHg

66
Q

systemic pressure: arterioles

A

50 mmHg

67
Q

systemic pressure: capillaries

A

20 mmHg

68
Q

systemic pressure: vena cava

A

4 mmHg

69
Q

systemic pressure: right atrium

A

0-2mmHg

70
Q

pulmonary pressure: pulmonary artery

A

15 (25 systole, 8 diastole) mmHg

71
Q

pulmonary pressure: capillaries

A

10 mmHg

72
Q

pulmonary pressure: pulmonary vein

A

8 mmHg

73
Q

pulmonary pressure: left atrium

A

2-5 mmHg

74
Q

site of highest resistance

A

arterioles

75
Q

have highest proportion of blood in CV system

A

veins

76
Q

resistance regulated by alpha 1 and beta 2

A

arteries

77
Q

resistance regulated by alpha 1

A

veins

78
Q

rate of blood flow into aorta: systemic blood flow rate

A

left ventricle cardiac output

79
Q

rate of blood flow into pulmonary artery: pulmonary blood flow rate

A

right ventricle cardiac output

80
Q

rate of blood flow back to right ventricle

A

venous return

81
Q

pressure gradients that drive blood flow derive from

A

ventricular contraction

82
Q

highest cross-sectional area in system, gas exchange!

A

capillaries

83
Q

resistance in series: vessels in an organ

A

sum them

84
Q

resistance in parallel: major arteries in CV system

A

sum of reciprocals equals reciprocal of total (total is always less than an individual resistance)

85
Q

V/P

A

capacitance: volume of blood a vessel can hold at a specific pressure

86
Q

vessel capacitance over time

A

with age, vessels calcify, decreasing their capacitance

87
Q

which is more invasive, left or right heart catheterization

A

left ventricle cardiac output

88
Q

gives an estimate of left-sided pressure

A

pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

89
Q

flow is slowest in capillaries where

A

Cross-sectional area is highest. Gives more time for complete exchange with tissues

90
Q

as resistance increases, CO will

A

decrease. But body increases pressure gradient to keep CO steady (CO2=P/R)

91
Q

in high blood pressure, the left ventricle

A

thickens, to decrease wall stress (stress=pressure * radius/2*wall thickness)

92
Q

double a vessel’s length, flow

A

decreases by 50%

93
Q

halve a vessel’s radius, flow

A

decreases (coronary artery disease)

94
Q

double blood’s viscosity, flow

A

decreases by 50%

95
Q

if you hear a murmur, there is turbulence, and Reynold’s number

A

is likely higher than 3000

96
Q

normal cardiac output

A

5 L/min

97
Q

capillary flow is

A

nonpulsatile

98
Q

volume displaced in vascular recoil is

A

available to capillaries when heart is not beating

99
Q

pulse pressure reflects

A

stroke volume

100
Q

large pulse pressure may indicate

A

aortic insufficiency or regurgitation

101
Q

mean arterial pressure is influenced more by

A

diastolic more than systolic blood pressure

102
Q

amount of force is determined by

A

distance each sarcomere shortens (less overlap, as in dilation, means less shortening)

103
Q

smaller, more haphazard myocytes

A

atrial myocytes

104
Q

produces vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis in atrial myocytes

A

ANF (atrial natruiuretic factor)

105
Q

function integration of cardiac myocytes

A

intercalated disks

106
Q

base (non-flow) surface of valves

A

fibrosa

107
Q

flow surface of valves

A

spongiosa

108
Q

valves are thin enough to be supported by

A

diffusion

109
Q

Group A beta-hemolytic strep corss reacts with valves

A

rhuematic fever

110
Q

degenerative changes with calcification

A

calcific aortic stenosis

111
Q

3-5% of adults, loose ground substance in leaflets

A

mitral valve prolapse

112
Q

fibrin and platelets on valves

A

NBTE: nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

113
Q

virulent organisms attak normal valves

A

acute endocarditis

114
Q

less virulent organisms (strep viridans) attack damaged valves)

A

nonacute endocarditis

115
Q

male heart weight

A

300-350 g

116
Q

female heart weight

A

250-300 g

117
Q

right ventricle thickness

A

.3-.5 cm

118
Q

left ventricle thickness

A

1.3-1.5 cm

119
Q

most cardiac bloodflow through right coronary is during

A

ventricular diastole

120
Q

distinguished by high level of glycogen (appear pink stained)

A

purkinje cells

121
Q

where valves adhere and project from

A

ring or annulus

122
Q

junction types found in intercalated discs

A

desmosomes, fascia adherens, and gap junctions

123
Q

Actin-myosin binding site is blocked by

A

tropomyosin, and troponin complex

124
Q

hydrolysis on myosin head occurs

A

at time of binding (cross-bridge formation, the flex or power stroke)

125
Q

atherosclerotic plaques initially evolve in

A

the media (foam cells are macrophages)

126
Q

lamina means

A

laid in parallel arrays

127
Q

do veins have elastic lamina?

A

NO

128
Q

how to tell lymphatics from veins

A

no RBCs,, no smooth muscle, single-layer surface, pink fluid inside

129
Q

one endothelial cell wrapped around itself in a tube. 5-10 microns in size (RBC)

A

capillaries

130
Q

continuous capillaries are found in

A

muscle

131
Q

fenestrated capilllaries are found in

A

kidney

132
Q

sinusoidal capillaries are found in

A

liver

Cardiology (8 decks)

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