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1, Cardiology > Cardiology I > Flashcards

Cardiology I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart rate with a Normal Sinus Rhythm?

A

60-100 bpm

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2
Q

Describe the P-waves with Normal Sinus Rhythm.

A

P-waves present with each QRS

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3
Q

Describe the PR interval with a Normal Sinus Rhythm.

A

normal and the same (0.12-0.2)

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4
Q

Describe the QRS in a Normal Sinus Rhythm.

A

regular

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5
Q

What is the Rate with Sinus Bradycardia?

A

rate is < 60 with Sinus Bradycardia

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6
Q

Describe P-waves with sinus bradycardia.

A

p-waves are present with each QRS

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7
Q

Describe the PR interval with sinus bradycardia.

A

PR interval is normal and the same (0.12-0.2) in sinus bradycardia

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8
Q

Describe the QRS with sinus bradycardia.

A

regular QRS with sinus bradycardia

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9
Q

What is the Rate with sinus tachycardia?

A

Rate is > 100 bpm with sinus tachycardia

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10
Q

Describe the P-waves in sinus tachycardia.

A

P-waves are present with each QRS with sinus tachycardia

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11
Q

Describe the PR interval with sinus tachycardia.

A

PR interval is normal and the same (0.12-0.2) in sinus tachycardia

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12
Q

Describe the QRS with sinus tachycardia.

A

the QRS in sinus tachycardia is regular

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13
Q

What is another term for Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

Paroxysmal SVT

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14
Q

What is the heart rate with SVT/PSVT?

A

the rate in SVT/PSVT is 140-220 bpm

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15
Q

Describe the P-waves of SVT/PSVT.

A

P-waves are present with each QRS but may not be visible when rate is fast with SVT/PSVT

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16
Q

Describe the PR interval with SVT/PSVT.

A

the PR interval is consistent but may be hidden in the QRS with SVT/PSVT

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17
Q

Describe the QRS with SVT/PSVT.

A

the QRS with SVT/PSVT is regular but fast

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18
Q

What are Premature Atrial contractions?

A

extra atrial contractions (p waves) can occur at any time and rate,
these p waves usually look different than normal p waves

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19
Q

What are Premature Ventricular contractions?

A
  • can occur at any time & rate
  • different QRS morphology
  • T waves in the opposite direction
  • these are followed by compensatory pause
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20
Q

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Irregularly Irregular arrhythmia caused by

firing of multiple foci in the arorta

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21
Q

What is the most common sustained arrhythmia and a leading cause of thrombosis with possible emolization?

A

atrial fib

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22
Q

What is the Etiology of A. fib?

A

stress, fever, Alcohol, volume depletion, pericarditis, CAD, MI, PE, mitral valve disease, thryotoxicosis, and idiopathathic lone A. fib

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23
Q

If your cardiac patient is Hemodynamically Unstable how do you Tx this patient’s Atrial Fibrillation?

A

-DC cardioversion

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24
Q

If your cardiac patient is Hemodynamically Stable when do you treat this patient’s Atrial Fibrillation with Electrocarioversion?

A

-after 4 weeks of anticoagulation with coumadin

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25
Q

When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable what drugs are you going to prescribe to lower the heart rate?

A
  • Beta blockers
  • calcium channel blockers
  • digoxin
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26
Q

When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable what drugs might you prescribe for Anitcoagulation?

A
  • Heparin
  • Aspirin
  • Coumadin
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27
Q

When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable what drugs may be used for Chemical Cardioversion?

A
  • Amiodarone

- Ibutalide

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28
Q

What electrolytes might need to be replaces when Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable?

A

-K and Mg

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29
Q

When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically stable lab hormone test should you run and correct abnormalities?

A

-Check TSH and correct abnormalities

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30
Q

Describe the EKG caused by an Atrial Ectopic focus (Atrial Flutter) ?

A

-atrial flutter produces a classic sawtooth pattern on EKG

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31
Q

What are the possible etiology for Atrial Flutter?

A
  • CAD
  • pericarditis
  • valvular heart disease
  • cardiomyopathy
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32
Q

What are the possible Tx for Atrial Flutter?

A
  • Rate controlling meds
  • Cardioverting meds
  • Anticoagulation
  • Electrical Cardioversion
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33
Q

What are the possible Tx options for Atrial Fibrillation?

A
  • DC cardioversion
  • Rate lowering meds
  • Chemical cardioversion
  • Electrical cardioversion
  • Replace electrolytes
  • Check TSH and correct abnormalities
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34
Q

What are the Rate Controlling meds for Tx of Atrial Flutter?

A
  • Beta blockers
  • calcium channel blockers
  • digoxin
35
Q

What are the Cardioverting meds for Tx of Atrial Flutter?

A
  • Amiodarone

- Ibutilide

36
Q

What are the anticoagulation med used to Tx Atrial Flutter?

A
  • Heparin
  • Aspirin
  • Coumadin
37
Q

When is Electrical Cardioversion used to Tx Atrial Flutter?

A

-if unstable or after 4 weeks of anticoagulation

38
Q

What is the most significant finding on EKG for First Degree Heart Block?

A

*** PR interval : > 0.20 ***

39
Q

In Tx of hypertension, what is the DASH diet?

A

-diet high in K+ and Ca++

40
Q

What is the significance of the DASH diet?

A

-1600 cal DASH diet is as effective as the effects of drug monotherapy

41
Q

When do you use 2 drugs to tx hypertension?

A

-use to 2 drugs when BP is > 20/10 mmHg above goal

42
Q

How do Loop, thiazide and potassium sparring drugs work?

A

-reduce volume and preload

43
Q

What are the side effects of diuretics?

A
  • Loop/thiazide–decrease K+
  • Thiazide–increase uric acid and lipids
  • Spirolonactone–conserves K+
44
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

-slow HR and reduce peripheral resistance

45
Q

Other than HTN when else are beta blockers used?

A
  • thyrotoxicosis
  • essential tremor
  • post MI
  • migraine HA
  • tachyarrhythmias
46
Q

What HTN medication can mask hypoglycemia is diabetics?

A

-beta blockers

47
Q

What are the side effects of beta blockers?

A
  • impotence
  • fatigue
  • bradycardia
  • Bronchial constriction (Nonselctive BB)
48
Q

ACE-I end in what four letters?

A

-pril

49
Q

How do ACE-I work?

A

-work by reducing peripheral vascular resistance

50
Q

How effective are ACE-I in monotherapy?

A

-40% effective in monotherapy and 80% effective in combination theraphy

51
Q

What other positive effect do ACI-I have?

A

-preserve renal function

52
Q

Do you use ACI-I in pregnancy?

A

-category X

53
Q

What are the side effects of ACE-I?

A
  • cough (chronic and nonproductive)

- Angioedema

54
Q

What’s a good way to remember which HTN meds are Angiotension Receptor Blockers (ARB) ?

A

-end in –sartan

55
Q

How do ARB’s (angiotensin receptor blockers) work?

A

-vasodilate similar to ACE-I

56
Q

Which two HTN meds have renal protective effects?

A

-ACE-I and ARB’s

57
Q

What are the side effects of ARB’s ?

A
  • less cough than ACE-I

- less angioedema than ACE-I

58
Q

How do Alpha Blockers work?

A
  • produce arterial and venous dilation

- they do not reduce cardiac outpur

59
Q

What’s a good way to remember Alpah Blockers?

A

-end in – zosin

60
Q

What are the side effects of alpha blockers?

A
  • postural hypertension
  • improves BPH and urine stream
  • positive effects on HDL and LDL
61
Q

How do calcium channel blockers work?

A
  • vasodilate
  • slow HR
  • have negative inotropic effects
62
Q

What other medical conditons are CCB’s used?

A
  • Raynauds
  • cardiomyopathy
  • migraines
  • cluster headaches
63
Q

What are the side effects of CCB’s ?

A
  • heart block
  • constipation
  • peripheral edema
64
Q

What are the Direct arterial dilators used in HTN?

A

-hydralazinde & minoxidil

65
Q

What are the side effects of the direct arterial dilators (hydralazine & minoxidil) ?

A
  • reflex tachycardia

- fluid retension

66
Q

What are the Central acting agents used to tx HTN ?

A
  • methyldopa

- clonidine

67
Q

What are the side effects of the central acting agents (methlyldopa and clonidine?

A
  • sedation
  • dry mouth
  • postural hypotension
68
Q

Name HTM meds for Heart Failure?

A
  • ACE-I
  • BB
  • ARB’s
  • aldosterone blockers
  • Loop diuretics
69
Q

HTN meds to use for diabetics?

A
  • ACE-I
  • ARB’s
  • thiazide diuretics
  • BB
  • CCB’s
70
Q

What is the BP numbers goal for HTN in diabetics?

A
  • <130/100
71
Q

HTN meds to use for patients with Cerebral Vascular Disease?

A

-ACE-L and Thiazide diuretic

72
Q

What is the goal HTN with Cerebral Vasc Disease?

A
  • 160/100
73
Q

Etiology for kids with HTN?

A
  • kidney disease

- coarctation of the aorta

74
Q

You don’t use ACE-I or ARBs on who?

A
  • pregnancy

- sexually active females

75
Q

What is HTN Urgency?

A

-BP >220/120 without SXs

76
Q

What is HTN Emergency?

A 
-Sx's are present: 
   HA
   confusion
   dissection
   nephropathy
   pulm edema
77
Q

How drugs are used with HTN Emergency?

A

-IV nitroprusside (nipride) or labetolol

78
Q

How does nitroglycerin work?

A
  • decreases arteriolar and venous tone
  • reduces preload and afterload
  • lowers O2 demand of the heart
  • 0.4 mg SL or spray q 5 min x3
79
Q

How do you tx a patient with stable angina in order to prevent further attacks ?

A
  • Beta blockers
  • Aspirin 81-325mg q day
  • long acting nitrates
  • CCB’s 3rd line tx, and only amlodipine and norvasc
80
Q

Who gets Prinzmetal (variant) angina?

A

-usually women >50

81
Q

What are the keys to Dx of Prinzmetal angina?

A
  • CP without usual precipitating factors
  • ST-segment elevation*rather than depression
  • Sx usually in occur in the morning**
  • cardiac cath in N
82
Q

What meds do you put your 53 y.o. female on for her Prinzmetal angina?

A
  • nitrates*

* CCBs*

83
Q

What HTN medication will exacerbate coronary vasospasm in Prinzmetal Angina?

A

-Beta Blockers

84
Q

What do gals with Prinzmetal Angina need to avoid?

A
  • smoking
  • cocaine
  • beta blockers

1, Cardiology (11 decks)

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