Cardiology: Anaemia (general) Flashcards
In adults, the predominant site of haematopoiesis is the []
Here we find the multipotent [] stem cells (HSCs).
In adults, the predominant site of haematopoiesis is the bone marrow.
Here we find the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can differentiate into which cell lineages? [2]
Myeloid or lymphoid cell lines
Describe the lineage of multipotent lymphoid stem cells [4]
Lymphoid progenitor:
- B-lymphocyte –> plasma cell
- T-lymphocyte
- NK cell
Describe the lineage of multipotent myeloid stem cells [4]
What is TPO? [1]
Where is it produced? [1]
What does it regulate ? [1]
Thrombopoietin (TPO):
TPO is produced by the liver and essential for the control of platelet production
Platelets are derived from which cell type? [1]
Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes within the bone marrow.
Define pancytopenia [1]
The presence of anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia together
Where does each stage of haematopoiesis occur in fetus life?
- yolk sac (3 weeks)
- liver (6 weeks)
- spleen (8 weeks)
- bone marrow
You Love a Smart Bunny
What is the role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis? [2]
EPO stimulates bone marrow erythropoiesis:
- produces production of proerythroblasts
- speeds up maturation of erythroblasts
Where is EPO produced? [1]
The kidneys
What condition causes the stimulation of EPO production? [1]
EPO production is activated by hypoxia and is regulated via an oxygen-sensitive feedback loop
What is the pathway from Haematopoietic stem cell (HPSCs) - to erythrocyte? [1]
Haematopoietic stem cell (HPSCs)
–>
common myeloid progenitor cell (CMPC)
–>
Proerythroblast
–>
erythroblast
–>
reticulocyte
–>
erythrocyte
The proerythroblast develops into an (early) erythroblast. The erythroblast then undergoes a sequence of changes where its nucleus progressively shrinks and its cytoplasm becomes filled with haemoglobin (not stained). When full of haemoglobin it is called a normoblast. The normoblast then expels its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte. Most reticulocytes stay in the marrow and mature into erythrocytes but some may be released into the blood, especially after haemorrhage. Reticulocytes can transport oxygen, just not as efficiently as mature erythrocytes. They can mature into adult RBCs in the circulation
Which type of transporters do rbc use to obtain glucose?
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT4
GLUT5
Which type of transporters do rbc use to obtain glucose?
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT4
GLUT5
Describe how erythrocytes undergo energy metabolism [1]
RBCs have no mitochondria – so can’t use oxidative metabolism to make ATP.
They need ATP to power cell membrane sodium pumps – otherwise cells would swell up and burst.
Make ATP via Anaerobic Glycolysis from glucose : 2 ATP produced
Lactate is pumped out of erythrocyte into plasma, taken up by liver or muscle cells (especially myocardium), and converted back to glucose - similar mechanism to CORI CYCLE in muscle.
