Cardiology

Question 1

ACEi x3 examples?

Answer 1

Ramipril
Enalapril
Lisonipril

Question 2

Which drug is most likely to induce postural hypotension as a side effect?

Answer 2

Calcium antagonist

Question 3

ACEi side effects? Think main and 2 more..

Answer 3

Dry cough
Bradykinin rash
Hypotension

Question 4

ARB - angiotensin receptor blockers example?

Answer 4

Candesartan

Question 5

Why give ARB?

Answer 5

Alternative to ACEi if unwanted side effects are being observed (e.g. dry cough)

Question 6

Amiodarone is an example of?

Answer 6

Antiarrhythmics

Question 7

What can amiodarone cause potentially?

Answer 7

QT prolongation - potentially fatal

Question 8

Beta blockers CI?

Answer 8

Asthma as can induce bronchospasms

Question 9

x3 main side effects of beta blockers?

Answer 9

Headache, fatigue, bradycardia

Question 10

x3 examples of beta blockers?

Answer 10

Bisoprolol, metoprolol, atenolol

Question 11

Aspirin mechanism of action?

Answer 11

COX inhibitor

Stops platelets sticking together

Question 12

Warfarin mechanism of action?

Answer 12

Vitamin K antagonist, stopping production of 1972 clotting factors

Question 13

Apixaban - why used instead of Warfarin?

Answer 13

NOAC which does not require INR monitoring (using Prothrombin time)

Question 14

Bendroflumethiazide is a diuretic that will act where?

Answer 14

DCT

Question 15

Clopidogrel mechanism of action?

Answer 15

P2Y12 inhibitor preventing platelet activation and preventing them sticking to the endothelium

Question 16

Calcium channel blockers x3 examples?

Answer 16

Amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine (verapamil)

Question 17

x3 calcium channel blocker side effects?

Answer 17

Flushing, headache, bradycardia

Question 18

Lidocaine used for?

Answer 18

Ventricular tachycardias

Question 19

Lidocaine mechanism of action?

Answer 19

Blocks inactivation gate of the sodium channel

Question 20

Amlodipine v verapamil why is verapamil more effective anti-arrhythmic agent?

Answer 20

Lack of effect on the calcium channel at rest

Question 21

Propranolol as a beta blocker why good after a heart attack in controlling arrhythmias?

Answer 21

Sodium channel blocker (is a beta-adrenoceptor blocker)

Question 22

ACEi will reduce circulating level of which hormone?

Answer 22

Aldosterone

Question 23

Why are beta blockers effective in chronic heart failure?

Answer 23

Block reflex SYMPA responses which stress failing heart

Question 24

Tolerance is a potential SE for which drug?

Answer 24

Nitrates

Question 25

MI immediate medication?

Answer 25

MONA - morphine, nitrates, oxygen, aspirin (or clopidogrel)

Question 26

Nitrates are?

Answer 26

Vasodilatory

Question 27

Beta blockers have what effect on heart?

Answer 27

Prolong filling so HR control (slow down), reduce myocardial contractility

Question 28

Atenolol acts on which peripheral receptor?

Answer 28

Beta-1 adrenoceptor

Question 29

Glyceryl trinitrate relieve pain of angina pectoris?

Answer 29

Dilation of vein to reduce preload on heart

Question 30

Calcium channel blockers mechanism of action?

Answer 30

Block calcium channels, so reduce electrical conduction in the heart. Reduce contractibility - lead to arterial dilation.

Question 31

Verapamil (CCB) side effect?

Answer 31

Constipation

Question 32

Digoxin is an example of?

Answer 32

Antiarrhythmic drug - used in AF

Question 33

What is the mechanism of action of beta-blockers?

Answer 33

Reduce renin release and cardiac contractility