Cardiology Flashcards
Conditions associated with sudden death
Long QT
HOCM
brugada syndrome
WPW
Congenital cyanotic heart diseases
Truncus arteriosus
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Transposition of the great arteries
Tetralogy of fallot
Causes of fourth heart sound
Atrial contraction into a non compliant or hypertrophied ventricle
Heart failure
MI
Cardiomyopathy
Hypertension (pressure overload)
Third heart sound
Ventricular sound - blood using in during rapid filling phase of early diastole Heart failure Mi Cardiomyopathy Normal variant in under 30s Constrictive pericarditis
Stages of clubbing
Increased fluctuancy of nail bed
Loss of the angle
Increased curvature of nail
Expansion of terminal phalynx
Causes of aortic regurgitation
R rheumatic heart disease E endocarditis A ankylosing spondylitis/ aortic dissection L Luetic heart disease M Marfan's syndrome
Aortic stenosis vs aortic sclerosis
Stenosis - narrowing of valve orifice
Sclerosis - thickening of valve leaflets, has little clinical impact, sometimes a murmur
Angina vs MI
Pain less severe and lasts less than 20 mins Relived by nitrates No sweating, nausea or vomiting May get nitrate headache and hypotension No fear of impending doom
Hyperkalaemia ECG changes
Low or flat p waves
Broad bizarre QRS
Slurring of st segment
Tall tented t waves
Other causes of a raised troponin
Myocarditis Sepsis PE COPD Trauma Cardiac surgery/instrumentation
Type I MI
Due to primary coronary problem with plaque rupture, fissuring or dissection causing thrombosis and obstruction resulting in infarction
Type II MI
Infarction occurs due to an imbalance between supply and demand
Type III
Type IV
Type V
3 - sudden death due to MI
4 - related to PCI
5 - related to CABG
ECG features of posterior MI
ST Depression >V1-3
Posterior st elevation V7-9
Aortic regurgitation signs
Collapsing pulse
Wide pulse pressure
Displaced apex
Corrigans - neck pulsation
de Mussets - head bobbing
Durosiers - murmur over the femoral arteries
Quinkes - pulsation in the capillary nail bed
Pacemaker indications
Complete AV block
Mobitz type 2
Drug resistant tachycardias
Persistant symptomatic bradycardias
Varicose veins treatment
Education
Injection sclerotherapy
Laser coagulation
Surgical stripping
Hypertension grades
Stage 1 >140/90 or ABPM >135/85
Stage 2 >160/100 or ABPM >150/95
Severe >180/110
Blood pressure targets
age 80 150/90
Brugada syndrome pathophysiology
mutation in cardiac sodium channel gene
Brugada ECG changes
Coved ST segment elevation >2 mm in >1 of V1-V3 followed by a negative T wave
+ documented:
- VT/VF
- FH of sudden cardiac death
- Coved St changes in family members
- syncope
Treatment of brugada syndrome
ICD
Digoxin ECG changes
Depressed ST - reverse tick
Inverted T waves
U waves
WPW
delta waves present (slurred upstroke)
RAD
Short PR
Short QRS
