Cardiology

Question 1

Tricuspid vs. Mitral valve

Answer 1

• Tricuspid valve separates the right atria from the right ventricle.
• Mitral valve separates the left atria from the left ventricle

Question 2

What are semilunar valves?

Answer 2

because of their half-moon
shape.
* Aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta.
* Pulmonic valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary
artery

Question 3

Define Diastole

Answer 3

Ventricles relax and fill with blood from
left and right atria.
About 80% of blood from atria flows into relaxed ventricles.
The remainder of blood is “kicked” out of atrium when it contracts  “atrial kick”

Question 4

Define Systole

Answer 4

Ventricles contract creating pressure that closes AV valves, preventing backflow of blood into atria.
Also forces semilunar valves to open
As blood is ejected, ventricular pressure decreases, causing semilunar valves to close.
Ventricles relax to begin diastole.

Question 5

Describe the layers of cardiac muscle (inside heart to out)

Answer 5

Endocardium (fibrous), myocardium (thick muscle), Subepicardial fat and connective tissue (includes coronary arteries and veins), pericardial space, serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium (parietal layer)

Question 6

Name the coronary arteries of the myocardium

Answer 6

Right coronary artery, left main coronary artery, circumflex coronary artery, left anterior descending coronary artery

Question 7

Describe the electrical conduction of the heart

Answer 7

Sinoatrial node (RIGHT ATRIUM), Right bundle branch (MUSCLE BETWEEN LEFT/RIGHT SIDE OF HEART), Left bundle branch (PART OF IT REACHES INTO THE CENTER OF THE LEFT ATRIUM posterior, superior division), THE OTHER PART IS ALONG THE WALL OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE anterior-superior division), Purkinje fibers branch into the chunky part of the ventricle muscles

Question 8

The difference between an artery and vein

Answer 8

Both has tunica externa, media, and intima (intima has three in artery, just one in vein). Artery has elastic tissue. Veins have venous valve, basement membrane, and smooth muscle.

Question 9

What are the elbow lymph nodes?

Answer 9

Epictrochlear nodes

Question 10

How many pulses per minute for SA node?

Answer 10

normally discharges
60 to 100 impulses per minute.

Question 11

What is the function of the AV node?

Answer 11

prevents excessive atrial impulses to
RV&LV
AV node can generate v- contraction
at slower rate of 40 to 60 impulses per minute.

Question 12

What happens if both SA and AV nodes are ineffective

Answer 12

bundle
branches may contract, but at very slow rate of 20 to
40 impulses per minute.

Question 13

What does left sided heart failure look like?

Answer 13

Insufficient flow to aorta,
backs into pulmonary
capillaries
Subjective: Fatigue, SOB,
orthopnea, DOE
Exam:
* precordial movement
(displaced apical impulse).
* Palpable thrill
* S3 heart sounds
* Systolic murmur at apex
* If acute: Pulmonary Edema
& crackles at base bilaterally

Question 14

What does right sided heart failure look like?

Answer 14

Failure to pump blood into
pulmonary arteries causes
backflow into Inferior &
Superior VC.
Exam:
 Dependent peripheral edema
 S3 heart sounds at lower
sternal border
 Systolic murmur
 Weight gain

Question 15

What does congestive heart failure look like?

Answer 15

Dilated pupils, skin (pale/gray/discolored), breathing (