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Nerd Book > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name two heartworm treatment risks

A

anaphylaxis, thrombosis

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2
Q

Normal diastolic BP?

A

60-110mmhg

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3
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit _______ in the ______

A

inhibit aldosterone in the distal tubules

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4
Q

Escape beat hallmark on ECG?

A

no p-wave (because the SA doesn’t fire and it starts somewhere else)

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5
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - drugs to treat (one injectable, one oral)

A

Dobutamine (positive inotrope for contractility)

Digoxin (digital glycoside for performance, arrhythmias)

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6
Q

Electrical Conduction 1-5

A
  1. SA Node (Atria)
  2. AV Node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. R/L Bundle Branches
  5. Purkinje Fibers
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7
Q

Beta 2 receptors do what?

A

RELAX smooth muscle (beta fish = chill) two lungs

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8
Q

Beta 2 - two effects

A

Bronchodilation
Vasodilation to skeletal
RUN

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9
Q

Three beta BLOCKERS

A

LOL, you ain’t going anywhere

propranalol, atenalol metroprol

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10
Q

MAP greater than what can lead to retinal detachment

and increased ICP?

A

> 140mmhg

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11
Q

Vena Cava dumps blood into the ________ atrium, then the ________ valve

A

Right Atrium

Triscuspid Valve

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12
Q

Normal CVP (cm H20 and mmhg)

A

0-5cm H20

or 0-3mmhg

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13
Q

Dopamine precursor to what?

A

Norepinephrine

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14
Q

SVT includes anything above …. includes what 3 things

A 
SUPRA ventricular - anything above the ventricles Above the AV node 
HR 240-300+, minimal or buried P waves
- sinus tach
- atrial tach
- AV junctional tach
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15
Q

What is an inotrope?

A

the force or energy of MUSCULAR contraction

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16
Q

Five potential causes of DCM

A
  • toxin
  • viral
  • metabolic
  • nutrition (taurine def.)
  • chemo (doxorubicin)
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17
Q

Dirofilaria immitis

A

Heartworm

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18
Q

What is bigemeny?

A

Two beats coupled together (such as normal + VPC)

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19
Q

Intermittent SVT is called

A

Paroxysmal SVT

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20
Q

Pulmonic Stenosis- L or R sided failure?- Sx?

A

Right sided failure

Stenosis of pulmonary artery- blood can’t get to the lungs so backs up into right side

Balloon Valvuloplasty

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21
Q

Dopamine low dose and effects

A

1-5mcg/kg/min:

vasodilation - renal mesentereic, cerebral, and coronary arteries

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22
Q

Thiazine Diuretic example, act on ______, inhibit _____ and increase _____ excretion

A

Hydrochloralazine Acts on PROXIMAL of distal tubuleInhibits Na + reabsorptionIncreases K+ excretion

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23
Q

HCM prone to throwing clots - why?

A

can’t adequately circulate blood so it hangs around forming clots

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24
Q

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor 2 examples (oral)

A

Pimobendan and Sildenafil

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25
Q

Tetrology of Fallot- 4 things

A
  • Pulmonic stenosis
  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Overriding aorta (positioned right over the VSD)
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
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26
Q

Spironalactone drug class and concern with long term use - monitor what?

A

Potassium sparing diuretic, Can lead to increased K+ over time, monitor kidneys

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27
Q

Milrinone dosing 50mcg/kg, then 0.375-0.75mcg/kg/hr

A

Milrinone dosing 50mcg/kg, then 0.375-0.75mcg/kg/h

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28
Q

Canine DCM- Main malfunction

A

Floppy Heart Bag

Decreased Contractility and increased RAAS system

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29
Q

Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia- L or R sided failure?- 2 medications

A

Right sided failure

  • Diuretics (decrease preload)
  • ACE inhibitors (enalapril, benazepril)
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30
Q

Blood from lungs dumps into ______ vein, then the _______, then the _______ valve

A

Pulmonary vein
Left Atrium
Mitral Valve

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31
Q

Dobutamine - 3 side effects

A

1) nausea/vomiting
2) Tachy arrythmias
3) Hypertension

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32
Q

PDA- Where, when should it close? how to correct?

A

Excess bloodflow into pulmonary artery from the aorta

  • should close 3-4d after birth
  • Surgical ligation or coil
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33
Q

Hydralazine dilates what?

A

arteries only

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34
Q

PDA - right or left sided failure?

A
  • Left sided failure because there’s way too much blood coming back from the lungs (getting extra from our handy PDA hole)
  • Volume overloads left side - leading to left sided failure
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35
Q

Total Protein < what indicates need for colloids?

A

< 3.5g/dl

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36
Q

Negative inotropes do what?

A

DECREASE muscular contraction (like

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37
Q

Beta 1 receptors act on what?

A

heart and kidneys

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38
Q

Right bundle branch block looks like what? Do we care?

A

rabbit ears

- incidental/benign

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39
Q

Lasix CRI dosing

A

0.1mg/kg/hr

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40
Q

What is esmolol?

A

Injectable atenolol basically - blocks B1, “test” before starting orals

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41
Q

Chronotropic affects what?

A

Heart rate

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42
Q

Mitral Valve Dysplasia- L or R sided failure?- Sx?

A

Left sided failure

Balloon Valvuloplasty

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43
Q

Digoxin/Digitoxin toxicity effects

A

arrythmias, GI

44
Q

What is an escape beat?

A

the normal firing doesnt produce a beat so someone else initiate it - junctional (AV node) or ventricular

45
Q

Dobutamine 2 most common effects

A

Increased contractility

Stroke volume

46
Q

a-fib common in what breed?

A

irish wolfhounds

47
Q

Caval syndrome

A

large amount of heartworms at once - vena CAVA and right atrium

48
Q

Beta receptors are what?

A

Fight or flight

49
Q

Beta 1 - three effects

A

Heart - increase rate, AV conduction, strength of contraction

50
Q

Nitroprusside dilates what?

A

Veins AND arteries (inPRUSSive)

51
Q

Ventricular escape beat - what does it look like and what’s happening?

A

SA doesn’t fire - no P wave, wide bizarre QRS

52
Q

Second degree AV block hallmarks (mobitz I vs II)

A

Longer, longer, longer drop that’s the one called wenkenbach (mobitz I)

Mobitz II - sometimes P doesn’t get through but no rhyme/reason

easiest to auscultate based on Irregular rhythm - dropped beats

53
Q

APCs

A

atria prematurely beat

54
Q

Beta 1 vs Beta 2

A

1 heart

2 lungs

55
Q

Coagulase positive staphylococci and beta hemolyitic streptococci are the common bacteria types in what disease process?

A

Endocardititis

56
Q

Positive inotropes do what?

A

INCREASE muscular contraction (like dobutamine)

57
Q

Two examples of sympathomimetic amines?

A

dopamine, dobutamine

58
Q

Na + Channel Blockers - Class 1- Name 2

A
  • Lidocaine- Procainamide
59
Q

Feline HCM- Main malfunction- Left sided or right sided?- 2 Drug classes to fix

A

Thickened left ventricle, left sided failure

Ca+ Channel Blockers (amlodipine)
ACE inhibitors (enalapril, benazepril)
60
Q

Loop diuretics act on _________ by decreasing reabsoption of _____ and _____

A

Acending loop of henle

- decrease reabsorption of Na & Cl

61
Q

Dopamine mid range dose and effects

A

6-10 mcg/kg/min:

systemic arteriol constriction (increase afterload) - beta

62
Q

Third degree AV block hallmarks

A

NO communication between SA->AV

If Ps and Q’s don’t agree then you have a third degree (

63
Q

MAP Calculation

A

2DS–>3

3

64
Q

Loop diuretic example

65
Q

Ca+ Channel Blocker - NONDihydropyridine

A

Diltiazem (dec. contractility, slow AV conduction)

66
Q

Dopamine high dose and effects

A

> 10 mcg/kg/min:

alpha cells - vasconstriction

67
Q

Digital glycosides- example- fixes what arrythmia?

A

Digoxin- SVT

68
Q

Left sided heart failure fails to push blood to _________, backs up in _________, and leads to two other clinical signs

A

Fails to push blood to BODY, backs up into LUNGS.

  • Causes azotemia (no diuresis)
  • Low protein (low oncotic pressure)
69
Q

Junctional escape beat - what does it look like and what’s happening

A

SA doesn’t fire - no P wave, normal QRS

70
Q

Normal colloid oncotic pressure

71
Q

ACE Inhibitors- mechanism of action, two examples

A
  • Stops conversion of ATI -> Angiotensin II

- Enalapril/Benazapril

72
Q

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor example and action - 2 injectables

A

Milrinone and amrinone - arteriole dilators

73
Q

Right ventricle goes to ______

A

Pulmonary Artery, then lungs

74
Q

Four causes for elevated CVP

A
  • volume overload
  • pleural/pericardial effusion
  • pneumo
  • pulmonary hypertension
75
Q

Amrinone dosing 1-3mg/kg then 10-100mcg/kg/min

A

Amrinone dosing 1-3mg/kg then 10-100mcg/kg/min

76
Q

Propranalol drug class - 1 or 2 or both?

A

Beta Blocker - blocks 1 and 2

77
Q

Heartworms live where? And cause what sided heart failure?

A

Right Atrium and Ventricle - cause right sided heart failure

78
Q

Nitroglycerin dilates what?

A

veins only

79
Q

First degree AV Block hallmarks

A

Prolonged SA->AV but it always makes it

If the R is Far from P then you have a first degree

80
Q

Right sided heart failure fails to push blood to __________, backs up in _______and leads to congestion of _______.Two clinical signs

A

Fails to push blood to lungs, backs up in body.
Congestion of spleen and liver
- Weakness
- Syncope

81
Q

Normal systolic BP?

A

100-160mmhg

82
Q

a-fib treatment

A

ca+ blockers, digoxin, beta blockers

83
Q

Enalapril/Benazapril are examples of what class? Monitor for what?

A

ACE Inhibitors

- Can cause hyperkalemia (halts RAAS system)

84
Q

Normal MAP?

A

80-120mmhg

85
Q

Patients on what drug will decrease the dose of esmolol

86
Q

Triscuspid valve dysplasia surgical options

A 
Ring annuloplasty (prevents further closing)
valve replacement
87
Q

heartworm treatment

A

adulticide then microfillaria 4-6 weeks after, sometimes heparin or surgical removal

88
Q

Left Ventricle pushed blood to….

A

Aorta - the whole body

89
Q

Ca+ Channel Blockers - Class 4- Name 2- 3 effects

A
  • Diltiazem- Amlodipine
  • arteriol dilator
  • decreases contractility
  • slows AV conduction
90
Q

Normal lactate is what?

A

< 1.0mmol/L

91
Q

Potential causes of atrial standstill

A

Hyperkalemia (>7.5meq/L)

  • UO
  • Addison’s
  • DKA
  • Bladder rupture
92
Q

Loop diuretics increase excretion of ________

A

Everything NaCl, Ca, Mg, Hydrogen, ammonium, bicarb

93
Q

Ventricular septal defect- What is it?- L or R sided failure?- Main medication for tx?

A
  • Hole between the ventricles
  • Right sided failure more common (left is so powerful - path of least resistance)
  • ACE inhibitors (enalapril, benazepril)
94
Q

Dobutamine dosing

A

5-20mcg/kg/min

95
Q

Normal colloid oncotic pressure range? Below what needs colloids?

A

18-25mmhg. Less than 15 needs colloids

96
Q

Atrial standstill is caused by what?

A

Hyperkalemia (>7.5meq/L)

97
Q

Pimobendan dosing 0.1-0.3mg/kg BID, can cause what side effect?

A

can INHIBIT platelet aggregation

98
Q

Dobutamine and Dopamine stimulate what receptors?

A

Beta-adrenergic

99
Q

SVT treatment - manual and three drugs

A
  • Vagal Maneuver
  • Digoxin
  • Ca+ blocker (diltiazem, amlodipine)
  • Beta Blocker
100
Q

Potassium sparing diuretic example, onset time,

A

Spironolactone

Onset 2-3 days

101
Q

K+ Channel Blockers - Class 3- Name 2

A
  • Amiodorone

- Sotalol

102
Q

Atenolol and metroprolol block what? good for what cases?

A

Beta 1 only, Beta 2 at HIGH doses - good for respiratory things because leaves the lungs alone

103
Q

Where are calcium channels located?

A

Cardiac and skeletal muscle

104
Q

Digitalis glycosides - cats are sensitive

A

Digoxin ONLY, DigitTOXIN is TOXIC to cats

105
Q

Digoxin toxicity signs

A

arrythmias, GI

106
Q

Ca+ Channel Blocker - Dihydropyridine type

A

Amlodipine - arterial vasodilator

107
Q

Alpha receptors do what?

A

CONTRACTS smooth muscle (alpha male)

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