Cardiolgy ♥️ Flashcards
Heart lesion with reverse differential cyanosis
D - TGA with PDA and PPHN, interrupted aortic arch or coarctation of aorta
Mechanism of action of milrinone
- Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor—increased cAMP
* * Decreased breakdown of cyclic AMP->perpetuating Ca influx —> improve systemic blood flow - Improved ventricular function Inotropic, inodilator (promotes cardiac contractility) lusitropic (promotes relaxation)
- Decreases SVR
Indications: RV dysfunction, improving function in cardiac patients coming off bypass (especially if need decreased SVR)
HLHS
7-9% of congenital ♥️ defects
RV + tricuspid valve represent systemic ventricle + AV valve
Describe normal neonatal ECG findings
Normal QRS measured in V5 20-80msec
QRS axis ranges from +55 to 200+ in terms and +65-+174 in preterm
Predominant myocardial substrate prenatally and postnatally
Prenatally glucose and lactate
Postnatally fatty acids
The factor that causes the most significant change in blood flow with minor alteration is
Radius/diameter
R proportional 8x viscosity x L/pi x rx4
Responsible for pulmonary vascular changes at delivery
NO
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Patients with Pompes have which ECG finding?
Short PR interval and biventricular hypertrophy given hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Noonan Syndrome findings
Hypertelorism Downward eye slanting Low set ears Short stature Pulmonic stenosis (60%) Web neck
**Noonan’s syndrome is the MCC of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in neonates and children < 4yo
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Rapid heart rate with atrial contractions precede ventricular contractions, atrial rate 180-240 which seems to speed up and slow down. What is diagnosis?
Ectopic atrial tachycardia
The most common non renal association with hypertension in preterm is?
BPD
Approach to management of HLHS is?
Norwood palliation
Treatment of fetal SVT vs AVnRT (atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia)
SVT is Digoxin
AVNRT is amiodarone
How does hydrocortisone express myocardial action in hypotensive patients?
Inhibits expression of nitric oxide synthase and vasodilators prostaglandin action
Upregulation of CV adrenergic receptors (vasoconstriction, inc Co, inc BP)
Upregulation of angiotensin II receptors to increase vascular resistance
Inhibits catecholamine metabolism and release of vasoactive factors
Inc in intracellular Ca concentration (enhances cardiac responsiveness to catecholamines)
Which genetic polymorphism is associated with abnormal neuro development at 1 year post cardiac surgery?
Genetic polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E
Which population of NICU patients should avoid ACE inhibitors
Preterm
Renal failure
Hypokalemia
Describe findings in HLHS and subtypes
Severe MV and AV stenosis/atresia
Hypoplastic LV
Aortic arch hypoplasia
30% mitral and aortic atresia
25% mitral stenosis and aortic atresia (high risk 2/2 presence of coronary-cameras fistulas in 50%)
45% mitral and aortic stenosis
Dopamine acts on which receptors at which doses?
Alpha 1: vasoconstriction (6-10)
Beta 1 and 2 chronotropy (HR) and contractility (2-6)
Dopaminergic at low dose (2-4) renal vasodilation and splanchnic vessels
At high dose 10-20, increases PVR via alpha 1
Hyperpercapnic-induced vasodilation in CBF is mediated by:
Hydrogen ion concentration requiring basal nitric oxide
Norepinephrine works where?
- endogenous catecholamine
- increases SVR and CO by alpha 1,2 and beta 1 receptors
- constricts systemic vascular»_space; pulmonary vascular
Mechanism of action of dobutamine
Acts directly in alpha and beta receptors without release of Norepi
Hydrocortisone side effects
Hyperglycemia
Osteopenia
Inhibits immune function and somatic growth
Associated with SIP if concurrent indomethacin
Aid in hypotension by decreasing breakdown of catecholamines, inc Ca in myocardial cells and upregulating adrenergic receptors
Which mutations have been found in HLHS?
HAND1 and NOTCH1
Recurrence HLHS sibling 8%
Recurrence of any congenital is 22%
What abnormalities are seen in Ebstein anomaly?
Apical displacement of septal and posterior leaflet of TV (atrial I zing the RV)
WPW (60%)
Right bundle branch block (70-80%)
Most commonly affected gene in long QT syndrome
KCNQ1- potassium channel gene
Abnormalities Associated with this gene also correlate with A fib later in life
What is the difference in functional vs fractional saturation of hgb?
Functional measures oxyHb and reduced Hb alone
Fractional saturation measures oxyHb ans. reduced Hb. And approximates carboxyHb and methHb.
Functional Hb 1.6-2 points higher than fractional saturation.
Most Common CHD in maternal diabetes
VSD
Double outlet RV
Truncus Arteriosus
What is therapy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in IDM neonates?
B blockers
Maintenance fluid
Contraindicated-inotropic support bc can make condition worse
What is the prognosis of HCM in neonate born with maternal diabetes?
excellent with resolution of ventricular hypertrophy at 1 mo of age
Mainly diastolic dysfunction
How is BP affected in preterms? Ie relative to SVR
Preterms may have low systemic blood flow because of structure of preterm myocardium is less able to overcome increased SVR after birth
How is preterm blood pressure influenced by chorioamnionitis
Chorio is associated with hypotension —> caused by release of inflammatory mediators (IL -1 and TNF)
When does cyanosis occur in neonates?
With drop of 3-5g/dL of Hgb of reduced Hgb
Cyanosis is more visible in polycythemic than in anemic babies
Cyanosis notable at this %saturation Hb: Reduced Hgb/total Hgb
Vasopressin mechanisms of action
Minimal chronotropic effects
Vasoconstriction during hypoxemia and acidosis