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Med Surg III > Cardio/valves > Flashcards

Cardio/valves Flashcards

Final

1
Q

What does the coronary system require?

A

Oxygenated blood

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2
Q

Left side of heart

A
  • High pressure

- Oxygen rich blood pumped propelled through body

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3
Q

Right side of heart

A
  • Low pressure

- Oxygen poor blood through pulmonary system

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4
Q

Cycle

A

One complete heart beat

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5
Q

Cardiac output

A
  • amount of blood ejected in 1 minute

- HR X stroke volume

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6
Q

Stroke volume

A
  • Amount of blood ejected with each contraction

- Effected by preload, after load, and contractility

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7
Q

Preload

A

-Degree of stretch before contraction

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8
Q

Afterload

A

-Amount of tension the ventricle must develop to open valves

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9
Q

Major determinant of afterload

A

Arterial B/P

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10
Q

Contractility

A

Intensity of cardiac muscle contraction

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11
Q

What is the #1 cause of death in the US?

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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12
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) begins with…

A 
atherosclerosis
>Asymptomatic
>stable angina
>unstable angina
>MI
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13
Q

Risk factors for CAD

A
  • family and genetics

* If dad/brother had heart attack before 55, or mom/sister before 65.

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14
Q

CAD complications

A
  • Angina
  • MI
  • HF
  • Arrhythmias
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15
Q

How many valves does the heart have?

A

2 atrioventricular valves

2 semilunar valves

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16
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Mitral (bicuspid)

Tricuspid

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17
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic

Pulmonic

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18
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Constriction/narrowing

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19
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Backflow of blood due to incomplete closure of valves

20
Q

What is contracture?

A

Stiffening

21
Q

What is mitral valve stenosis?

A

decreased blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

22
Q

What does mitral valve stenosis increase?

A

Increases left atrial pressure and volume

Increases pressure in pulmonary vasculature

23
Q

What does mitral valve stenosis cause?

A

Back pressure to lungs

24
Q

S/S mitral valve stenosis

A 
Exertional dyspnea
Loud S1
Murmur
Fatigue
Palpitations
Chest pain, seizures/stroke
Coughing up blood
25
Q

Acute mitral valve regurgitation-S/S

A

Pulmonary edema

  • thready peripheral pulses
  • cool, clammy extremities
26
Q

Chronic mitral valve regurgitation

A

Left atrial enlargement

Ventricular hypertrophy

27
Q

S/S of chronic mitral valve regurgitation

A

Asymptomatic for years until some degree of left ventricular failure

  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • palpitations
  • progressive dyspnea
  • peripheral edeam
  • S3
  • murmur
28
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

Mitral valve prolapse backs into left atrium during systole

29
Q

S/S mitral valve prolapse

A

Most patients asymptomatic for life.

  • murmur
  • dysrhythmias-palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness
  • infective endocarditis
  • chest pain
30
Q

Patient teaching for mitral valve prolapse

A 
Antibiotic prophylaxis
Take meds as prescribed
Healthy diet
Avoid caffeine
Avoid OTC stimulants
Exercise
When to call Dr.
31
Q

What is aortic valve stenosis?

A

Obstruction of flow from left ventricle to aorta

32
Q

S/S aortic valve stenosis

A 
Angina
Syncope
Exertional dyspnea
Normal to soft S1
Diminished or absent S2
Systolic murmur
Prominent S4
33
Q

Aortic valve stenosis: is prognosis good or poor if patient is symptomatic and not corrected?

A

Poor

34
Q

What is aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Backward blood flow from ascending aorta into left ventricle

35
Q

Acute aortic valve regurgitation

A

Infective endocarditis
Trauma
Aortic dissection

*Life-threatening emergency

36
Q

S/S of acute aortic valve regurgitation

A
  • Severe dyspnea
  • Chest pain
  • Hypotension
  • Cardiogenic shock
37
Q

S/S of chronic aortic valve regurgitation

A

May be asymptomatic for years

  • exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal dyspnea
  • angina
  • Water-hammer pulse is severe**
  • Soft or absent S1
  • S3 or S4
  • Murmur
38
Q

What happens with tricuspid valve stenosis?

A

Right atrial enlargement and increased systemic venous pressure

39
Q

Who is at risk of getting tricuspid valve stenosis?

A

Patients with rheumatic fever and IV drug abuse

40
Q

Clinical manifestations of tricuspid valve stenosis

A
  • peripheral edema
  • ascites
  • hepatomegaly
  • murmur
41
Q

What does pulmonic valve stenosis cause?

A

Right ventricular hypertension and hypertrophy

42
Q

Clinical manifestations of pulmonic valve stenosis

A

Fatigue

Loud murmur

43
Q

Diagnostics of valvular heart disease

A
  • history/exam
  • CT
  • Echo
  • Chest x-ray
  • EKG
  • Cardiac cath
44
Q

A 19 year old with rheumatic heart disease is admitted to the hospital with a recurrence of rheumatic fever. In planning care for the patient, which nursing diagnosis should the nurse include?

a. Ineffective coping related to refusal to carry out health promotion activities
b. Risk for infection related to recent exposure to group A B-hemolytic streprococci
c. Impaired adjustment related to unsuccessful lifestyle modifications, goal setting, and problem solving.
d. Ineffective self-health management related to lack of knowledge about long-term prophylactic antibiotic therapy

A

d. Ineffective self-health management related to lack of knowledge about long-term prophylactic antibiotic therapy

45
Q

The nurse is caring for a patient with aortic stenosis. For what should the nurse assess the patient?

a. systolic murmur
b. pericardial friction rub
c. diminished or absent S4
d. low-pitched diastolic murmur

A

a. systolic murmur

Med Surg III (9 decks)

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