Cardio-respiratory system

Question 1

Pathway of Air

Answer 1

1. Air enters the body and travels through the mouth and nose.
2. It then enters the trachea.
3. The trachea divides into two bronchi. One bronchus enters each lung.
4. Each bronchus branches out into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Air travels through these bronchioles.
5. At the end of the bronchioles, the air enters the alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place.

Question 2

Gaseous Exchange

Answer 2

Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli in the lungs and takes place by diffusion.

The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

Question 3

What is diffusion?

Answer 3

The movement of gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 4

What does the Haemoglobin do?

Answer 4

Haemoglobin carries oxygen to be exchanged at the working muscle and carbon dioxide to be exchanged at the lung.

Question 5

Features that assist with gaseous exchange

Answer 5

• Large blood supply
• Lots of capillaries
• Short distance for diffusion
• Moist thin walls
• Large surface area of alveoli

Question 6

Structure of the heart (4 chambers)

Answer 6

• Left atrium
• Right atrium
• Left ventricle
• Right ventricle

Question 7

Cardiac Output

Answer 7

Q = HR X SV

Question 8

Mechanics of breathing

Answer 8

Inhalation = Breathing in of oxygen
Exhalation = Breathing out of carbon dioxide

• Involves Intercostal muscles, Diaphragm & Ribs

Question 9

What happens when we Inhale oxygen?

Answer 9

1. Intercostal muscles contract.
   - When the contract they help move the ribs up and out enlarging the chest cavity allowing the lungs to expand.

• When we inhale the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.

Question 10

What happens when we Exhale carbon dioxide?

Answer 10

1. Intercostal muscles relax.

-Moves the ribs down and in.
- The diaphragm relaxes and moves up.

Question 11

Why does a stitch occur?

Answer 11

When the diaphragm contracts rapidly.

Question 12

Which side of the blood carries deoxygenated blood?

Answer 12

Right side

Question 13

Which blood vessel brings blood back to the heart from the body?

Answer 13

Vena Cava
-The blood vessel carries blood back to the heart transporting deoxygenated blood in preparation for it to be re-oxygenated.

Question 14

What is the purpose of the valves in veins?

Answer 14

To prevent the backflow of blood.

Question 15

Which blood vessels have valves?

Answer 15

Veins

Question 16

Which blood vessels have valves?

Answer 16

Left atria
-The left atria receives blood back from the lungs once it has been oxygenated.

Question 17

Which two of the following are features of the alveoli?

Answer 17

• Large blood supply
  -One cell thick

Question 18

What is systole?

Answer 18

The ejection of blood from the heart.

Question 19

What does a Spirometer do?

Answer 19

Allows you to test lung capacity.

Question 20

5 measurements to identify on a Spirometer trace?

Answer 20

1. Tidal Volume
2. Expiratory reserve volume
3. Inspiratory reserve volume
4. Residual volume
5. Vital capacity

Question 21

Tidal Volume

Answer 21

The amount of air breathed in with each normal breath.

Question 22

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 22

The maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath.

Question 23

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 23

The maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath.

Question 24

Residual volume

Answer 24

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath.

Question 25

What do the arteries do?

Answer 25

Carry blood away from the heart.

Question 26

What do the veins do?

Answer 26

Carry blood to the heart.

Question 27

Why do veins contain valves?

Answer 27

Prevent the backflow of blood.